Miranda

Miranda

Discovery
Discovered by	Gerard P. Kuiper
Discovery date	February 16, 1948
Designations
Alternate name	Uranus V
Adjective	Mirandan
Orbital characteristics
Semi-major axis	129 390 km
Eccentricity	0.0013
Orbital period	1.413 479 d
Inclination	4.232° (to Uranus' equator)
Satellite of	Uranus
Physical characteristics
Dimensions	480×468.4×465.8 km
Mean radius	235.8 ± 0.7 km (0.03697 Earths)[1]
Surface area	700 000 km2
Volume	54 835 000 km3
Mass	6.59 ± 0.75 × 1019 kg[2] (1.103 × 10–5 Earths)
Mean density	1.20 ± 0.15 g/cm3[2]
Equatorial surface gravity	0.079 m/s2
Escape velocity	0.193 km/s
Rotation period	synchronous
Axial tilt	zero
Albedo	0.32
Surface temp.    Kelvin	min mean max   ~59 K 86 K
Apparent magnitude	15.8[3]

Miranda (pronounced /mɨˈrændə/^[4]) is the smallest and innermost of Uranus' five major moons.

It was discovered by Gerard Kuiper on 1948-02-16 at McDonald Observatory. It was named after Miranda from William Shakespeare's play The Tempest by Kuiper in his report of the discovery.^[5] The adjectival form of the name is Mirandan. It is also designated Uranus V.

So far the only close-up images of Miranda are from the Voyager 2 probe, which made observations of the moon during its Uranus flyby in January, 1986. During the flyby the southern hemisphere of the moon was pointed towards the Sun so only that part was studied. Miranda shows more evidence of past geologic activity than any of the other Uranian satellites.

Physical characteristics

Close-up view of Verona Rupes, a large fault scarp on Miranda; possibly 5 km (3 miles) high.^[6][7]

Miranda's surface may be mostly water ice, with the low density body also likely containing silicate rock and organic compounds in its interior.

Miranda's surface has patchwork regions of broken terrain indicating intense geological activity in the moon's past, and is criss-crossed by huge canyons. Large 'racetrack'-like grooved structures, called coronae, may have formed via extensional processes at the tops of diapirs, or upwellings of warm ice.^[8][9] The ridges probably represent extensional tilt blocks. The canyons probably represent graben formed by extensional faulting. Other features may be due to cryovolcanic eruptions of icy magma. The diapirs may have changed the density distribution within the moon, which could have caused Miranda to reorient itself,^[10] similar to a process believed to have occurred at Saturn's geologically active moon Enceladus. Miranda is one of the few bodies in the solar system in which the equatorial circumference is shorter than the pole-to-pole circumference, likely a consequence of the diapir activity.

Miranda's past geological activity is believed to have been driven by tidal heating at a time when its orbit was more eccentric than currently. Early in its history, Miranda was apparently captured into a 3:1 orbital resonance with Umbriel, from which it subsequently escaped.^[11] The resonance would have increased orbital eccentricity; resulting tidal friction due to time-varying tidal forces from Uranus would have caused warming of the moon's interior. In the Uranus system, due to the planet's lesser degree of oblateness, and the larger relative size of its satellites, escape from a mean motion resonance is much easier than for satellites of Jupiter or Saturn. Miranda's orbital inclination (4.34°) is unusually high for a body so close to the planet. Miranda probably escaped from its resonance with Umbriel via a secondary resonance, and the mechanism of this escape is believed to explain why its orbital inclination is more than 10 times those of the other large Uranian moons (see Uranus' natural satellites).^[12][13]

An earlier theory, proposed shortly after the Voyager 2 flyby, was that a previous incarnation of Miranda was shattered by a massive impact, with the fragments reassembling and denser ones subsequently sinking to produce the current strange pattern.^[7]

Approaching the 2007-12-07 equinox Miranda produced brief solar eclipses over the center of Uranus.

Scientists recognize the following geological features on Miranda:

• Craters
• Coronae (large ovoid features)
• Regiones (geological regions)
• Rupes (scarps)
• Sulci (parallel grooves)

Miranda in popular culture

• Astronomy Domine, a song by Pink Floyd, refers to Miranda as well as Oberon and Titania.
• In Kim Stanley Robinson's Mars Trilogy the moon is visited by the characters Ann Clayborne and Zo Boone.
• In the fictional series Sailor Moon created by Naoko Takeuchi, Miranda Castle was the palace given to Princess Uranus by Queen Serenity when she was born. In act 41 of the manga, the other solar system senshi call upon the powers of their castles to allow Sailor Moon to transform into her "Eternal" form.
• In the Novel Red Dwarf Infinity Welcomes Careful Drivers Miranda is visited by Lister.
• Into The Miranda Rift, the novella by G. David Nordley, has four astronauts spelunking the rift when a quake closes their entry point trapping them inside the moon.
• In the science fiction movie Earthstorm, where scientists grapple with how to stabilize the Moon after being severely cracked by an impact, Miranda is mentioned as being able to heal itself after such an event.

See also

• List of geological features on Miranda
• Polar bulge

References

External links

• Miranda Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
• Miranda page on The Nine8 Planets
• Miranda, a Moon of Uranus on Views of the Solar System
• Paul Schenk's 3D images and flyover videos of Miranda and other icy satellites

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