Generally, by the beginning of the 19th century, most African
societies had attained the communal mode of production. A few were
under the slave mode of production, others were under the feudal
mode of production, quite a few others were under a mixture of both
the feudal and slave mode of productions.
There fore, the modes of productions developed by African
societies during pre-colonial era are,
1) Primitive communalism
2) Slavery
3) Feudal mode of production.