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Murphy's Law

  (mûr'fēz) pronunciation
n.

Any of certain humorous axioms stating that anything that can possibly go wrong, will go wrong.

[From the name Murphy.]


 
 
Business Dictionary: Murphy's Law

Administrative aphorism stating that whatever can go wrong, will. The law originated with developmental engineer Ed Murphy in 1949, who was allegedly frustrated by a laboratory technician's error.

 
Idioms: Murphy's law

If anything can go wrong, it will, as in We may think we've covered all the details for the benefit, but remember Murphy's law. The identity of Murphy, if ever a real person, is unknown. Some think it alludes to (but was not invented by) a feckless Irishman named Murphy. [c. 1940]

 
Word Origin: Murphy's Law

Origin: 1958

In 1958, an article in The Nation explained, "There is an old military maxim known as Murphy's Law which asserts that wherever there is a bolt to be turned, someday there will be someone to turn it the wrong way." The article was a sign that Murphy's Law was beginning to flourish in the civilian world as well as the military.

The basic statement of Murphy's Law is "If anything can go wrong, it will." It has enough variations to fill at least one book. "Murphy's Law states that if it is possible to connect two things together the wrong way round, then someone will do it that way," explained the New Scientist in 1967. Or there is "Murphy's first law of biology," revealed in Scientific American in 1970: "Under any given set of environmental conditions an experimental animal behaves as it damn well pleases." One other variant is from the Gulf War: "Anything you do can get you shot, including doing nothing."

Where did this name come from? "'Murphy' was a fictional character who appeared in a series of educational cartoons put out by the U.S. Navy," explained astronaut (later Senator) John Glenn in his 1962 book Into Orbit. "Murphy was a careless, all-thumbs mechanic who was prone to make such mistakes as installing a propeller backwards."

According to another story, there was a Captain Edward A. Murphy, Jr., who worked on the effects of acceleration on humans who were riding rocket sleds at Wright Field Aircraft Laboratory shortly after World War II. Setting up the sensors for measuring physical effects, he managed to connect them all backwards. That supposedly inspired Major John Paul Stapp, one of the people riding the sleds, to name the phenomenon Murphy's Law.


 
Hacker Slang: Murphy's Law

The correct, original Murphy's Law reads: “If there are two or more ways to do something, and one of those ways can result in a catastrophe, then someone will do it.” This is a principle of defensive design, cited here because it is usually given in mutant forms less descriptive of the challenges of design for lusers. For example, you don't make a two-pin plug symmetrical and then label it “THIS WAY UP”; if it matters which way it is plugged in, then you make the design asymmetrical (see also the anecdote under magic smoke).

Edward A. Murphy, Jr. was one of McDonnell-Douglas's test engineers on the rocket-sled experiments that were done by the U.S. Air Force in 1949 to test human acceleration tolerances (USAF project MX981). One experiment involved a set of 16 accelerometers mounted to different parts of the subject's body. There were two ways each sensor could be glued to its mount, and somebody methodically installed all 16 in a replacement set the wrong way around. Murphy then made the original form of his pronouncement, which the test subject (Major John Paul Stapp) mis-quoted (apparently in the more general form “Whatever can go wrong, will go wrong)” at a news conference a few days later.

Within months ‘Murphy's Law’ had spread to various technical cultures connected to aerospace engineering. Before too many years had gone by variants had passed into the popular imagination, changing as they went. Most of these are variants on “Anything that can go wrong, will”; this is more correctly referred to as Finagle's Law. The memetic drift apparent in these mutants clearly demonstrates Murphy's Law acting on itself!

 
Quotes By: (Edward A. Murphy, Jr.) Murphy's Law

Quotes:

"If something can go wrong it will."

"If there is a wrong way to do something, then someone will do it."

 
Wikipedia: Murphy's law
For other uses, see Murphy's Law (disambiguation).
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Murphy's law is an adage in Western culture that broadly states that things will go wrong in any given situation, if you give them a chance. "If there's more than one possible outcome of a job or task, and one of those outcomes will result in disaster or an undesirable consequence, then somebody will do it that way." It is most often cited as "Whatever can go wrong, will go wrong" (or, alternately, "Whatever can go wrong will go wrong, and at the worst possible time, in the worst possible way" or, "Anything that can go wrong, will," or even, "If anything can go wrong, it will, and usually at the most inopportune moment"). The saying is sometimes referred to as Sod's law or Finagle's law which can also be rendered as "Anything that can go wrong, will—at the worst possible moment".

History

The earliest known versions of Murphy's law are in reference to stage magic. According to research by American Dialect Society member Bill Mullins, Adam Hull Shirk wrote in the September 1928 issue of The Sphinx (magazine), which was then the premier journal for magicians in the United States:

It is an established fact that in nine cases out of ten whatever can go wrong in a magical performance will do so. The great professors of the art are not immune from the malignancy of matter and the eternal cussedness of inanimate objects.[1]

The 1928 version was a variation on an existing saying among stage magicians that goes back at least to 1913:

There is an old saying among conjurers that it is impossible for a performer to know a trick thoroughly well until everything that can possibly go wrong with it has gone wrong - in front of an audience.[2]

Association with Murphy

History of Murphy's Law
Enlarge
History of Murphy's Law

According to the book A History of Murphy's Law by author Nick T. Spark, differing recollections years later by various participants make it impossible to pinpoint who first coined the saying Murphy's law. The law's name supposedly stems from an attempt to use new measurement devices developed by the eponymous Edward Murphy. The phrase was coined in adverse reaction to something Murphy said when his devices failed to perform and was eventually cast into its present form prior to a press conference some months later—the first ever (of many) conferences given by Colonel Stapp, The fastest man on earth. These conflicts (a long running interpersonal feud) were unreported until Spark researched the matter. His book expands upon and documents an original four part article published in 2003 (Annals of Improbable Research (AIR)[3]) on the controversy: Why Everything You Know About Murphy's Law is Wrong. From 1948 to 1949, a project known as MX981 took place on Muroc Field (later renamed Edwards Air Force Base) for the purpose of testing the human tolerance for g-forces during rapid deceleration. The tests used a rocket sled mounted on a railroad track with a series of hydraulic brakes at the end.

Initial tests used a humanoid crash test dummy strapped to a seat on the sled, but subsequent tests were performed by medical doctor John Paul Stapp, at that time an Air Force Captain. During the tests, questions were raised about the accuracy of the instrumentation used to measure the g-forces Captain Stapp was experiencing. Edward Murphy proposed using electronic strain gauges attached to the restraining clamps of Stapp's harness to measure the force exerted on them by his rapid deceleration. Murphy was engaged in supporting similar research using high speed centrifuges to generate g-forces. Murphy's assistant wired the harness, and a trial was run using a chimpanzee.

The sensors provided a zero reading, however; it became apparent that they had been installed incorrectly, with each sensor wired backwards. It was at this point that a disgusted Murphy made his pronouncement, despite being offered the time and chance to calibrate and test the sensor installation prior to the test proper, which he declined somewhat irritably getting off on the wrong foot with the MX981 team. In an interview conducted by Nick Spark, George Nichols, another engineer who was present, stated that Murphy blamed the failure on his assistant after the failed test, saying, "If that guy has any way of making a mistake, he will." Nichols' account is that "Murphy's law" came about through conversation among the other members of the team; it was condensed to "If it can happen, it will happen," and named for Murphy in mockery of what Nichols perceived as arrogance on Murphy's part. Another account credits Stapp with espousing it shortly afterwards during a press conference. Others, including Edward Murphy's surviving son Robert Murphy, deny Nichols' account (which is supported by Hill, both interviewed by Spark), and claim that the phrase did originate with Edward Murphy. According to Robert Murphy's account, his father's statement was along the lines of "If there's more than one way to do a job, and one of those ways will result in disaster, then somebody will do it that way." Other documents indicate that Robert A. Murphy himself changed his story several times on several different occasions, including on a lengthy radio station interview which survives[citation needed].

The phrase first received public attention during a press conference in which Stapp was asked how it was that nobody had been severely injured during the rocket sled tests. Stapp replied that it was because they always took Murphy's Law under consideration; he then summarized the law and said that in general, it meant that it was important to consider all the possibilities (possible things that could go wrong) before doing a test and act to counteract them. Thus Stapp's usage and Murphy's alleged usage are very different in outlook and attitude. One is sour, the other an affirmation of the predictable being able to be surmounted, usually by sufficient planning and redundancy. Hill and Nichols believe Murphy was unwilling to take the responsibility for the device's initial failure (by itself a blip of no large significance) and is to be doubly-damned for not allowing the MX981 team time to validate the sensor's operability and for trying to blame an underling when doing so in the embarrassing aftermath.

The association with the 1948 incident is by no means secure. Despite extensive research, no trace of documentation of the saying as Murphy's law has been found before 1955, when the May - June issue of Aviation Mechanics Bulletin included the line "Murphy's Law: If an aircraft part can be installed incorrectly, someone will install it that way,"[4] and Lloyd Mallan's book, Men, Rockets and Space Rats, referred to: "Colonel Stapp's favorite takeoff on sober scientific laws—Murphy's Law, Stapp calls it—'Everything that can possibly go wrong will go wrong'." The Mercury astronauts in 1962 attributed Murphy's law to U.S. Navy training films.[5]

Variations

Murphy's law has taken on many different formulations. In 1952, the proverb, there unnamed, was phrased "Anything That Can Possibly Go Wrong, Does" in the epigraph of John Sack's The Butcher: The Ascent of Yerupaja.

Another alternative origin to Murphy's Law, attributes the saying to an accident. Although unsubstantiated, it has been discussed and asserted by former colleagues of the person named Murphy in this account. To wit: Ben Murphy, in the mid 1930's, was a radio broadcasting engineer who was often sent on assignment to provide technical support for remote radio broadcasts. Supposedly, he worked for the Pacific regional division of the (then) NBC radio network. Murphy, an assistant, and an announcer were sent on assignment to the area of Capistrano (San Juan Capistrano in Orange Co. southern California) to broadcast live via special telephone line hookup, the famous and annual return of the Cliff Swallows (small birds) to that area from their winter migration to Argentina. A noted phrase evoked by this regular migratory habit was coined: "as reliable as the return of the Swallows to Capistrano".

After lugging heavy electronic equipment up a small hillside, stringing hundreds of feet of communications cabling, being soaked by unexpected rainfall, beset by angry townspeople, stung by various insects and generally being harassed by nature and humans alike, Murphy and his companions were attempting to plant a microphone in the rock cliffs surrounding the town of San Juan Capistrano in order to capture the sound of the beating of thousands of birds' wings as the swallows returned to make their summer nests. Murphy lost his footing and tumbled down the cliff to a small flat area. Although alive, he was injured - breaking several bones and sustaining multiple scrapes and other wounds. He was rescued and transported to hospital, and en route he learned that they had missed the annual event by several days - the birds had returned and had made their nests a week earlier, so all Murphy's hard work and subsequent injuries were essentially in vain. Ben Murphy was supposedly overheard to say (in response to comments from his two fellow broadcasters) that: "If anything could have gone wrong with this assignment, it sure did!" Although no further mention is ever made in radio broadcasting annals, Murphy is said to have survived and continued to work for NBC as a remote broadcast engineer until his retirement, some time in the 1950's


A story by Lee Correy in the February 1955 issue of Astounding Science Fiction referred to "Reilly's Law," which it said "states that in any scientific or engineering endeavor, anything that can go wrong will go wrong."[6] Atomic Energy Commission Chairman Lewis Strauss was quoted in the Chicago Daily Tribune on February 12, 1955, saying "I hope it will be known as Strauss' law. It could be stated about like this: If anything bad can happen, it probably will."[7]

Somewhat related to "Finagle's law" or "Sod's law" (see below) are demonstration-related aphorisms, wherein its acknowledged that a demo will fail in front of the intended audience. And that anything untested should not be demonstrated because it will fail.

The spirit of the law

Regardless of the exact composition and origin of the phrase, its spirit embodies the principle of defensive design — anticipating the mistakes the end-user is likely to make. Murphy's g-force sensors failed because there existed two different ways to connect them; one way would result in correct readings, while the other would result in no readings at all. The end-user — Murphy's assistant, in the historical account — had a choice to make when connecting the wires. When the wrong choice was made, the sensors did not do their job properly. Thus, defensive design is sometimes referred to as a "Murphy-proofing" procedure.

In most well-designed technology intended for use by the average consumer, incorrect connections are made difficult; this is the concept of poka-yoke in quality control. For example, the 3.5-inch floppy disk once used in many personal computers will not easily fit into the drive unless it is oriented correctly. In contrast, the yet older 5.25-inch floppy disk could be inserted in a variety of orientations that might damage the disk or drive. The newer CD-ROM and DVD technologies permit one incorrect orientation — the disc may be inserted upside-down, which is harmless to the disc. A defensive designer knows that if it is possible for the disc to be inserted the wrong way, someone will eventually try it. Fatalists observe that even if it seemingly is not possible to perform something incorrectly, someone will eventually manage it. This is often expressed as "Make something idiot-proof, and they will build a better idiot" or "The trouble with making something idiot proof is that idiots are so smart".

From its initial public announcement, Murphy's law quickly spread to various technical cultures connected to aerospace engineering. Before long, variants had passed into the popular imagination, changing as they went. Generally, the spirit of Murphy's law captures the common tendency to emphasize the negative things that occur in everyday life; in this sense, the law is typically formulated as some variant of "If anything can go wrong, it will," a variant often known as "Finagle's law" or "Sod's law" (chiefly British). Laws such as Murphy's are a direct expression of such seeming perversities in the order of the universe.

Some state that Murphy's law cannot operate as a subset of something useful; for example: "It will start raining as soon as I start washing my car, except when I wash the car for the purpose of causing rain." O'Toole's commentary on Murphy's law is: "Murphy was an optimist!" These mutant versions demonstrate Murphy's law acting on itself, or perhaps Finagle's law acting on Murphy's law. These perversions of Murphy's Law can be summed up in Silverman's Paradox: "If Murphy's Law can go wrong, it will."

The Geva correction to the validity of Murphy's Law states that "Murphy's Law applies only in Murphy's systems, i.e. systems in which Murphy's Law is known". In simpler words - if you don't know about it, Murphy's Law does not apply. In a system that comprises only perfect idiots Murphy's Law is invalid, and the system will work perfectly even if it is severely flawed.

Other variations on Murphy's Law

  • Zymurgy's First Law of Evolving Systems Dynamics: Once you open a can of worms, the only way to recan them is to use a bigger can. (Source: The Book of Lists)
  • Hoare's Law of Large Problems: Inside every large problem is a small problem struggling to get out. (Ibid.)
  • O'Toole's Commentary on Murphy's Law: Murphy was an optimist.


See also

Further reading

  • Nick T. Spark (2006-05-21). A History of Murphy's Law. Periscope Film. ISBN 0-9786388-9-1. 
  • Paul Dickinson (1981-05-18). "Murphy's Law", The Official Rules. Arrow Books, 128–137. ISBN 0-09-926490-0. 
  • (1995) "Tumbling toast, Murphy’s Law and the Fundamental Constants". European Journal of Physics 16: 172–176.  — Why toasted bread lands buttered-side-down

References

  1. ^ http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0611B&L=ADS-L&P=R11436 "On Getting Out of Things," by Adam Hull Shirk, The Sphinx, Vol 27 No. 7, Sept, 1928, p. 316.
  2. ^ http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0611C&L=ADS-L&P=R229 "How Conjurers Research." The Magic Wand (London) May 1913, p. 529
  3. ^ http://www.improb.com/airchives/paperair/volume9/v9i5/murphy/murphy0.html
  4. ^ Fred R. Shapiro, ed., The Yale Book of Quotations 529 (2006).
  5. ^ Id.
  6. ^ http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0511B&L=ADS-L&P=R4728 Astounding Science-Fiction, Feb. 1955, p. 54.
  7. ^ http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0507B&L=ADS-L&P=R3975 Chicago Daily Tribune, Feb. 12, 1955, p. 5.

External links


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Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2007. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
Business Dictionary. Dictionary of Business Terms. Copyright © 2000 by Barron's Educational Series, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Idioms. The American Heritage® Dictionary of Idioms by Christine Ammer. Copyright © 1997 by The Christine Ammer 1992 Trust. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
Word Origin. America in So Many Words, by David K.Barnhart and Allan A. Metcalf. Copyright © 1997 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
Hacker Slang. The Jargon File. Copyright © 2007.  Read more
Quotes By. Copyright © 2008 QuotationsBook.com. All rights reserved.  Read more
Wikipedia. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Murphy's law".  Read more

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