MusicBrainz can identify music without ID3 tags or any extra
information. It does this by taking an "acoustic fingerprint" - a
small piece of data that represents an entire song - of the music
it is analyzing, then comparing it with a database of known
fingerprints. While this technique is very good at identifying
published recorded music (songs you download from iTunes or buy on
a CD), keep in mind that it will not work at all on live music.
MusicBrainz is free. There is a sample application on their
website that identifies music, the "Magic MP3 Tagger," but it is
also built-in to other music applications.
Also, if you have an iPhone, consider the "Shazam" application;
it identifies recorded music in a similar manner.
Links to both MusicBrainz and Shazam are included in the related
links.