neomycin

Antibiotic isolated in 1949 from Streptomyces fradii; has a broad spectrum of activity, and is not absorbed from the gut; commonly used to treat serious intestinal bacterial infections.

Brand names: Myciguent®

Chemical formula:

Español:
• Sulfato de Neomicina, Tableta oral

Neomycin Sulfate Oral tablet

What is this medicine?

NEOMYCIN (nee oh MYE sin) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic. It is used to treat or prevent certain kinds of bacterial infections. It is also used to treat hepatic coma. It will not work for colds, flu, or other viral infections.
 
This medicine may be used for other purposes; ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions.

What should I tell my health care provider before I take this medicine?

They need to know if you have any of these conditions:
•blockage in intestines
•kidney disease
•myasthenia gravis
•Parkinson's disease
•stomach ulcer or disease
•an unusual or allergic reaction to neomycin, other antibiotics or medicines, foods, dyes or preservatives
•pregnant or trying to get pregnant
•breast-feeding

How should I use this medicine?

Take this medicine by mouth with a glass of water. Follow the directions on the prescription label. Take your medicine at regular intervals. Do not take your medicine more often than directed. Take all of your medicine as directed even if you think you are better. Do not skip doses or stop your medicine early.

Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of this medicine in children. Special care may be needed.

Overdosage: If you think you have taken too much of this medicine contact a poison control center or emergency room at once.
NOTE: This medicine is only for you. Do not share this medicine with others.

What if I miss a dose?

What may interact with this medicine?

•5 fluorouracil
•amphotericin B
•bacitracin
•cisplatin
•colistin
•digoxin
•diuretics
•methotrexate
•oral contraceptives
•other antibiotics
•vancomycin
•viomycin
•vitamin B12
•warfarin

This list may not describe all possible interactions. Give your health care provider a list of all the medicines, herbs, non-prescription drugs, or dietary supplements you use. Also tell them if you smoke, drink alcohol, or use illegal drugs. Some items may interact with your medicine.

What should I watch for while using this medicine?

Visit your doctor or health care professional for check ups as directed. Tell your doctor if your symptoms do not improve or if they get worse.

What side effects may I notice from receiving this medicine?

Side effects that you should report to your doctor or health care professional as soon as possible:
•allergic reactions like skin rash, itching or hives, swelling of the face, lips, or tongue
•difficulty breathing
•difficulty passing urine or change in amount of urine
•dizziness
•fever
•greasy looking stools
•increased thirst
•loss of balance
•muscle weakness
•ringing in the ears, hearing loss
•unusually weak or tired

Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your doctor or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome):
•diarrhea
•headache
•nausea, vomiting

This list may not describe all possible side effects. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

Where should I keep my medicine?

Keep out of the reach of children.

Store at room temperature between 20 and 25 degrees C (68 and 77 degrees F). Throw away any unused medicine after the expiration date.

Last updated: 7/1/2002

Important Disclaimer: The drug information provided here is for educational purposes only. It is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the diagnosis, treatment and advice of a medical professional. This drug information does not cover all possible uses, precautions, side effects and interactions. It should not be construed to indicate that this or any drug is safe for you. Consult your medical professional for guidance before using any prescription or over the counter drugs.

Neomycin
Systematic (IUPAC) name
(1R,2R,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-2- {[3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-β-L-idopyranosyl)- β-D-ribofuranosyl]oxy}-3-hydroxycyclohexyl 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside
Identifiers
CAS number	1404-04-2
ATC code	A01AB08 A07AA01, B05CA09, D06AX04, J01GB05, R02AB01, S01AA03, S02AA07, S03AA01
PubChem	8378
DrugBank	APRD00013
ChemSpider	8075
Chemical data
Formula	C23H46N6O13
Mol. mass	614.644 g/mol
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	?
Metabolism	?
Half life	2 to 3 hours
Excretion	?
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.	?
Legal status	OTC
Routes	Topical, Oral

Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is found in many topical medications such as creams, ointments and eyedrops.

Contents 1 Uses 2 Molecular Biology 3 Spectrum 4 History 5 Neomycin as a DNA binder 6 References

Uses

Neomycin is overwhelmingly used as a topical preparation, such as Neosporin. It can also be given orally, where it is usually combined with other antibiotics. Neomycin is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and has been used as a preventive measure for hepatic encephalopathy and hypercholesterolemia. By killing bacteria in the intestinal tract, it keeps ammonia levels low and prevents hepatic encephalopathy, especially prior to GI surgery. It has also been used to treat small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. It is not given intravenously, as neomycin is extremely nephrotoxic (causes kidney damage), especially compared to other aminoglycosides. The exception is when neomycin is included, in very small quantities, as a preservative in some vaccines - typically 0.025 mg per dose.^[1]

Molecular Biology

Neomycin resistance is conferred by either one of two aminoglycoside phosphotransferase genes.^[2] A neo gene is commonly included in DNA plasmids used by molecular biologists to establish stable mammalian cell lines expressing cloned proteins in culture; many commercially available protein expression plasmids contain neo as a selectable marker. Non-transfected cells will eventually die off when the culture is treated with neomycin or similar antibiotic. Neomycin or kanamycin can be used for prokaryotes, but geneticin (G418) is generally needed for eukaryotes.

Spectrum

Similar to other aminoglycosides, neomycin has excellent activity against Gram negative bacteria, and has partial activity against Gram positive bacteria. It is relatively toxic to humans, and many people have allergic reactions to it.^[3] See: Hypersensitivity. Physicians sometimes recommend using antibiotic ointments without neomycin, such as Polysporin.^[4]

History

Neomycin was discovered in 1949 by the microbiologist Selman Waksman and his student Hubert Lechevalier at Rutgers University. It is produced naturally by the bacterium Streptomyces fradiae.^[5]

Neomycin as a DNA binder

Neomycin belongs to the family of aminoglycosides. This family includes many other medicinally important drugs: streptomycin, saromomycin and kanamycin to name just a few. Aminoglycosides are proverbially known for their ability to bind to duplex RNA with high affinity. In a study done by Daniel Pilch, Associate Professor Dept. of Pharmacology at Rutgers University, and his coworkers, determined the association constant for neomycin with A-site RNA was found to be in the ~10⁹ range. However more than 50 years after its discovery, its DNA binding properties were still unknown. In 2000, Dev P. Arya, currently Director of the Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry at Clemson University, and his coworkers discovered that neomycin induces enormous thermal stabilization of triplex DNA while having little or almost no effect on the DNA duplex stabilization. They also showed that, neomycin likes anything that adopts A-form type structure, triplex DNA being one of them. They later went on to show that neomycin even induces DNA:RNA hybrid triplex formation. Their continuous search for selective ligands for a particular type of nucleic acid gave rise to many new conjugates. Neomycin-BQQ when they tried to combined the best in triplex recognition, Neomycin-Hoechst 33258 conjugate for targeting B-DNA (neomycin alone doesn't bind to a typical duplex B-DNA) and Neomycin Methidium conjugate for targeting DNA:RNA hybrids.^[6]

References

1. ^ "Medscape article". http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/516045_6. 
2. ^ "G418/neomycin-cross resistance?". http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/methods/1999-March/073912.html. Retrieved 2008-10-19. 
3. ^ DermNet dermatitis/neomycin-allergy
4. ^ "Your Medicine Cabinet". DERMAdoctor.com, Inc.. http://www.aaaskindoctor.com/90smedcup.html. Retrieved 2008-10-19. 
5. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1952/waksman-bio.html. Retrieved 2008-10-29. 
6. ^ http://www.wiley-vch.de/publish/en/books/bySubjectCH00/ISBN0-471-74302-X/?sID=5vh8aprb95023mtg84ga23gih0

v • d • e Stomatological preparations (A01) Caries prophylactic agents Sodium fluoride - Sodium monofluorophosphate - Olaflur - Stannous fluoride Anti-infectives and antiseptics Hydrogen peroxide - Chlorhexidine - Amphotericin B - Polynoxylin - Domiphen - Oxyquinoline - Neomycin - Miconazole - Natamycin - Hexetidine - Tetracycline - Benzoxonium chloride - Tibezonium iodide - Mepartricin - Metronidazole - Clotrimazole - Sodium perborate - Chlortetracycline - Doxycycline - Minocycline - Eugenol Corticosteroids (Glucocorticoids) Triamcinolone - Dexamethasone - Hydrocortisone Other Epinephrine/Adrenalone - Benzydamine - Acetylsalicylic acid - Amlexanox

v • d • e Antidiarrheals, intestinal anti-inflammatory/anti-infective agents (A07) Intestinal anti-infectives Antibiotics (Neomycin, Nystatin, Natamycin, Streptomycin, Polymyxin B, Paromomycin, Amphotericin B, Kanamycin, Vancomycin, Colistin, Rifaximin) Sulfonamides (Phthalylsulfathiazole, Sulfaguanidine, Succinylsulfathiazole) Nitrofuran (Nifuroxazide, Nifurzide) Imidazole (Miconazole) Arsenical (Acetarsol) Oxyquinoline (Broxyquinoline) Intestinal adsorbents Charcoal · Bismuth · Pectin · Kaolin · Crospovidone · Attapulgite · Diosmectite Antipropulsives (opioids) Opium (Laudanum) · Codeine · Morphine (Paregoric) crosses BBB: Diphenoxylate · Difenoxin does not cross BBB: Loperamide Intestinal anti-inflammatory agents corticosteroids acting locally (Prednisolone, Hydrocortisone, Prednisone, Betamethasone, Tixocortol, Budesonide, Beclometasone) antiallergic agents, excluding corticosteroids (Cromoglicic acid) aminosalicylic acid and similar agents (Sulfasalazine, Mesalazine, Olsalazine, Balsalazide) Antidiarrheal micro-organisms Saccharomyces boulardii Other antidiarrheals Albumin tannate ·  · Octreotide · Ceratonia · Racecadotril

v • d • e Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use (D06) Antibiotics Tetracycline and derivatives Demeclocycline · Chlortetracycline · Oxytetracycline · Tetracycline Others Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol Aminoglycosides: Neomycin · Gentamicin · Amikacin Quinolone: Nadifloxacin Streptogramin: Virginiamycin Rifamycin: Rifaximin other: Fusidic acid · Bacitracin · Tyrothricin · Mupirocin Chemotherapeutics Sulfonamides Silver sulfadiazine · Sulfathiazole · Mafenide · Sulfamethizole · Sulfanilamide · Sulfamerazine Antivirals Aciclovir · Penciclovir · Idoxuridine · Edoxudine Imiquimod/Resiquimod · Podophyllotoxin Docosanol · Tromantadine · Inosine · Lysozyme · Ibacitabine Other Metronidazole

v • d • e Antibacterials: protein synthesis inhibitors (J01A, J01B, J01F, J01G) 30S Aminoglycosides (initiation inhibitors) -mycin (Streptomyces) Streptomycin Neomycin (Framycetin, Paromomycin, Ribostamycin) Kanamycin (Amikacin, Arbekacin, Bekanamycin, Dibekacin, Tobramycin) Spectinomycin# · Hygromycin B Paromomycin -micin (Micromonospora) Gentamicin# (Netilmicin, Sisomicin, Isepamicin) Verdamicin Astromicin Tetracycline antibiotics (tRNA binding) Tetracyclines Doxycycline#  •Chlortetracycline • Clomocycline • Demeclocycline • Lymecycline • Meclocycline • Metacycline • Minocycline • Oxytetracycline • Penimepicycline • Rolitetracycline • Tetracycline Glycylcyclines Tigecycline 50S Oxazolidinone (initiation inhibitors) Linezolid • Torezolid Amphenicols (peptidyl transferase) Chloramphenicol#  · Azidamfenicol · Thiamphenicol · Florfenicol MLS (transpeptidation/translocation) Macrolides Erythromycin#  · Azithromycin#  · Spiramycin · Midecamycin · Oleandomycin · Roxithromycin · Josamycin · Troleandomycin · Clarithromycin · Miocamycin · Rokitamycin · Dirithromycin · Flurithromycin · Ketolide (Telithromycin, Cethromycin) Lincosamides Clindamycin#  · Lincomycin Streptogramins Pristinamycin  · Quinupristin/dalfopristin  · Virginiamycin EF-G Steroid antibacterials Fusidic acid #WHO-EM. ‡Withdrawn from market. CLINICAL TRIALS: †Phase III. §Never to phase III

v • d • e Throat preparations (R02) Antiseptics Ambazone - Dequalinium - Dichlorobenzyl alcohol - Chlorhexidine - Cetylpyridinium - Benzethonium - Myristyl-benzalkonium - Chlorquinaldol - Hexylresorcinol - Acriflavinium chloride - Oxyquinoline - Povidone-iodine - Benzalkonium - Cetrimonium - Hexamidine - Phenol Antibiotics Neomycin - Tyrothricin - Fusafungine - Bacitracin - Gramicidin Local anesthetics Benzocaine - Lidocaine - Cocaine - Dyclonine

v • d • e Otologicals (S02) Anti-infectives Chloramphenicol - Nitrofural - Boric acid - Aluminium acetotartrate - Clioquinol - Hydrogen peroxide - Neomycin - Tetracycline - Chlorhexidine - Acetic acid - Polymyxin B - Rifamycin - Miconazole - Gentamicin Corticosteroids Hydrocortisone - Prednisolone - Dexamethasone - Betamethasone Other otologicals Lidocaine - Cocaine

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Dansk (Danish)
n. - neomycin

Nederlands (Dutch)
neomycine antibioticum

Français (French)
n. - néomycine

Deutsch (German)
n. - Neomycin (Antibiotikakomplex)

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (φαρμακολ.) νεομυκίνη

Italiano (Italian)
neomicina

Português (Portuguese)
n. - neomicina (f) (Farm.)

Русский (Russian)
неомицин

Español (Spanish)
n. - neomicina

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - neomycin

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
新霉素

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 新黴素

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 네오마이신(방사균에서 얻는 항생 물질의 일종)

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - ネオマイシン

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) النيوماسين : عقار ضد الجراثيم‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮ניאומיצין (חומר אנטיביוטי הקשור לסטרפטומיצין)‬

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