International Neuromodulation Society was created in 1989.

Robert Coben has written:

'Neurofeedback and neuromodulation techniques and applications' -- subject(s): Neural transmission, Regulation

Sacral nerve stimulation, also known as sacral neuromodulation, is a procedure in which the sacral nerve at the base of the spine is stimulated by a mild electrical current from an implanted device

Sacral nerve stimulation has been shown to be a safe and effective procedure.Two groups of researchers, in Spain and the United Kingdom respectively,reported that "the effects of neuromodulation are long-lasting and associated morbidity is low.".

Multiple receptor subtypes allow for more "fine-tuned" neuromodulation of a given "signal" in a neural network. Each receptor subtype typically has a different binding affinity for the given neurotransmitter. Therefore, the neurotransmitter may bind more strongly or more weakly to one subtype over another.

This is most likely an effect of genetic variation, as the genes coding for the protein(s) present in the receptor slightly vary from subtype to subtype, yet still allow for binding by the neurotransmitter ligand.