Dictionary:
neu·ro·sis (nʊ-rō'sĭs, nyʊ-) ![]() |
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| Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: neurosis |
For more information on neurosis, visit Britannica.com.
| Antonyms: neurosis |
Definition: mental disturbance, disorder
Antonyms: adjustment, balance, sanity
| Dental Dictionary: neurosis |
A diffusely defined term referring to a mental disorder for which professional help may be needed but that is milder than a psychosis; generally, a functional disorder in which there is no gross personality disorganization but there is an inability to cope effectively with some routine frustrations, anxieties, and daily problems. Somatic conditions may be factors in the cause and may be symptoms in a neurosis; however, the use of the term to describe a dysfunction of the nervous system is obsolete. Also called psychoneurosis.
| Sports Science and Medicine: neurosis |
A functional behaviour disorder with no apparent underlying physical cause for the feelings of ill-health it engenders. Neuroses include a number of affective disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and obsessive states.
| Columbia Encyclopedia: neurosis |
Neurosis, according to Sigmund Freud, arose from inner conflicts and could lead to anxiety. In his formulation, the causal factors could be found roughly in the first six years of life, when the personality, or ego, is weak and afraid of censure. He attributed neurosis to the frustration of infantile sexual drives, as when severe eating and toilet habits and other restrictions are parentally imposed (see Oedipus complex), which appear in adulthood as neurotic symptoms (see psychoanalysis). Other authorities have emphasized constitutional and organic factors. Among the psychoanalysts, Alfred Adler and H. S. Sullivan stressed social determinants of personal adjustment, and Karen Horney emphasized insecurity in childhood as causes of neurosis.
Until 1980, neuroses included anxiety disorders as well as a number of other mild mental illnesses, such as hysteria and hypochondria. Anxiety disorders are fairly common, and generally involve a feeling of apprehension with no obvious, immediate cause. Such intense fears of various situations may be severe enough to prevent individuals from conducting routine activities. Phobias, the most common type of anxiety disorder, involve specific situations which cause irrational anxiety attacks. For instance, an individual with agoraphobia (fear of open spaces) may be too anxious to leave their house. Obsessive-compulsive disorder occurs when an individual relentlessly pursues a thought or action in order to relieve anxiety. Panic disorder is characterized by anxiety in the form of panic attacks, while generalized anxiety disorder occurs when an individual experiences chronic anxiety with no apparent explanations for the anxiety. Post-traumatic stress disorder, occurring in the wake of a particularly traumatic event, can lead to severe flashbacks and a lack of responsiveness to stimuli. Anxiety disorders are usually accompanied by a variety of defense mechanisms, which are employed in an attempt to overcome anxiety. Hypochondriasis and hysteria (now generally known as conversion disorder) are classified today as somatoform disorders, and involve physical symptoms of psychological distress. The hypochondriac fears that minor bodily disturbances indicate serious, often terminal, disease, while the individual suffering from conversion disorder experiences a bodily disturbance-such as paralysis of a limb, blindness, or deafness-with no clear biological origin. Treatment of neurosis may include behavior therapy to condition an individual to change neurotic habits, psychotherapy, and group psychotherapy. Various drugs may also be employed to alleviate symptoms.
Bibliography
See M. Trimble, Post-Traumatic Neurosis (1981); S. Henderson et al., Neurosis and the Social Environment (1982); J. Lopez Pinero, The Historical Origins of the Concept of Neurosis (tr. 1983); G. Russell, ed. The Neuroses and Personality Disorders (1984).
| Psychoanalysis: Neurosis |
For psychoanalysts, neuroses are mental disorders that have no discernible underlying anatomical causes and whose symptomatology arises from intrapsychic conflict between unconscious fantasies bound up with the Oedipus complex and the defenses that these fantasies arouse. Neuroses may be defined in several ways. From a topographical standpoint, they may be defined in terms of a specific differentiation of the ego. From a dynamic standpoint, they may be defined by the ego's embrace (under the influence of the superego) of the reality principle, to the detriment of the pleasure principle and the id's instinctual demands, and this leads to the emergence of castration anxiety. From an economic standpoint, they may be defined by a prevalent but partly ineffective mobilization of the mechanisms of repression against the id's instinctual demands. Finally, from a developmental (or genetic) standpoint, they may be defined by the achievement of a symbolization of intrapsychic conflicts in accord with the oedipal model. This basic neurotic structure is variously associated, in the adult as in the child, with different sets of symptoms (hysterical, phobic, or obsessional).
Nineteenth-century medicine used the terms neurosis and psychasthenia interchangeably to denote nervous conditions of "functional" origin. It was accepted that the impact of such conditions on the various bodily systems (digestive, cardiopulmonary, urogenital, etc.) was unrelated to any underlying clinical or anatomical factors, and furthermore that there was no major degradation of the subject's relation to reality. This kind of exclusive diagnosis, purely behavioral and "pre-psychoanalytical," was revived in the 1990s by some present-day nosologies, among them the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) and the tenth edition of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10).
As early as 1894 Freud drew a distinction between two classes of psychopathological phenomena: on the one hand, the so-called "actual" neuroses, which, in accordance with classical medical theories, he related to a sexual dysfunction contemporaneous with the mental condition (frustration in the case of "anxiety neurosis," masturbation in the case of "neurasthenia"), and on the other hand, the psychoneuroses of defense, whose cause, he set out to show, was to be found in an intrapsychic conflict of infantile origin.
Only the psychoneuroses, which for a time Freud called "transference neuroses," correspond to genuine neuroses as Freud definitively described them in 1924: anxiety hysteria (or phobic neurosis), conversion hysteria, and compulsive (or obsessive) neurosis. This clear distinction between the two types of neuroses, though Freud acknowledged that it was sometimes arbitrary, remained essential to his theory. The hypothesis that the origin of the psychoneuroses lies in intrapsychic childhood conflict constitutes, along with dream theory, the theoretical bedrock of psychoanalysis.
The topographical, dynamic, and economic viewpoints, as presented briefly above, have not undergone any serious revision since Freud's work of 1924. A handful of details aside, all psychoanalytic authors would probably concur with the following formulation from "Neurosis and psychosis": "The ego has come into conflict with the id in the service of the super-ego and of reality; and this is the state of affairs in every transference neurosis" (1924b [1923], p. 150). In contrast, the "genetic" or developmental standpoint still continues into the twenty-first century to spark endless controversy.
In his rereading of Freud's case of the "Wolf Man" (1918b [1914]), Jacques Lacan (1988) drew a clear distinction between what he called "foreclosure" (Verwerfung) and the concept of repression (Verdrängung). Evoking the feminine position assumed by the subject in the oedipal scenario (a position that prohibits the subject, under the threat of castration, from accepting genital reality), Lacan noted, "The Verwerfung thus cuts off short any manifestation of the symbolic order" (1988, p. 38). For Lacan, this inability to access the symbolic order differentiates psychosis from neurosis, where there is access to the symbolic order. In his terms, neurotics seek, in a more or less elaborate way, "to introduce into the demand whatever the object of their desire is" and, symmetrically, "to satisfy the demand of the Other by conforming their desire to it." Because the "Wolf Man" could not place himself within this oedipal interplay by means of a "deferred" interpretation of the initial scene of seduction, visited upon him at a very early age by his elder sister, he was partially barred from the "chain of signifiers." In contrast, the phobia of "little Hans" (Freud, 1909b) gave him access to the symbolic order and allowed him to structure his infantile neurosis.
From a quite different perspective, Melanie Klein (beginning in 1930) took up Freud's metapsychological hypothesis concerning the death instinct. Theorizing that infantile anxiety was directed not against the libido but against the destructive instincts, she developed the notions of the schizophrenic and depressive positions, which created a need to revise the theory of the neuroses. For Klein (1975), the possibility of arriving at the depressive position by acknowledging the presence of the destructive instincts within the personality enabled the subject to access the triangular relations of the Oedipus complex and hence to neurotically organize a personality capable of tolerating loneliness. Working in the same Kleinian theoretical tradition, Hanna Segal (1957) described the transition from symbolic equation (an inability to distinguish between symbols and the objects symbolized) to authentic symbolization. Later Segal (1991) extended the theory still further by considering the conditions of artistic creation and revisiting Freud's thoughts on sublimation.
Freud proposed the term "narcissistic neurosis" as a designation for manic-depressive psychosis. This suggestion was not adopted by others, but it draws attention to the need to distinguish between manic-depressive psychosis and the other psychoses, in which the nature of the intrapsychic conflict is clearly very different. Jean Bergeret has described as "false neuroses" a number of clinical conditions mentioned by a variety of authors ("failure neurosis," "abandonment neurosis," "character neurosis," "organ neurosis," and so on) and has proposed a more neutral nomenclature ("failure-prone behavior," "anaclitic relationship," and so on). It is true that, in contrast to hysterical neurosis and obsessional-compulsive neurosis, such conditions are not clearly related to the concept of a neurotic structure. Among such false neuroses, the "traumatic" or "war neuroses" occupy a special place in Freud's metapsychology, for they serve as a point of departure in his development of the hypothesis of a death instinct lying "beyond the 'pleasure principle' " (1920g). Finally, it should be noted that the classification transference neurosis has come to have a different meaning from what Freud originally assigned to it; it refers to certain phenomena manifesting themselves in the analysand's relationship with the analyst (transference psychosis is also used in this way).
The notion of neurosis is also related, of course, to the ideas of neuroticization and infantile neurosis as mental processes that give access to symbolization. It is in fact such a powerful organizing concept that it has sometimes been taken for an "overall vision of the human being." However, we would do well to remind ourselves of Freud's consistent and deeply negative attitude toward all such overarching visions and the mysticism that invariably accompanies them.
Bibliography
Freud, Sigmund. (1894a). The neuro-psychoses of defence. SE, 3: 41-61.
——. (1909b). Analysis of a phobia in a five-year-old boy. SE, 10: 1-149.
——. (1918b [1914]). From the history of an infantile neurosis. SE, 17: 1-122.
——. (1920g). Beyond the pleasure principle. SE, 18: 1-64.
——. (1924b [1923]). Neurosis and psychosis. SE, 19: 147-153.
Klein, Melanie. (1946). Notes on some schizoid mechanisms. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 27, 99-110.
——. (1975). On the sense of loneliness. In The writings of Melanie Klein, Vol. 4: Envy and gratitude and other works, 1946-1963. London: Hogarth. (Originally published 1963)
Lacan, Jacques. (1988). Introduction and reply to Jean Hyppolite's presentation of Freud's Verneinung. In The seminar of Jacques Lacan. Book 1: Freud's papers on technique, 1953-1954 (John Forrester, Trans.). New York: W. W. Norton. (Original work published 1954)
Segal, Hanna. (1957). Notes on symbol formation. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 38, 391-397.
——. (1988). Introduction to the work of Melanie Klein. London: Karnac Books.
——. (1991). Dreams, phantasy, and art. London: Routledge and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.
Further Reading
Shapiro, David. (1999). Neurotic styles. New York: Basic.
—FRANCIS DROSSART
| Science Dictionary: neurosis |
| World of the Mind: neurosis |
See psychosis.
— Derek Russell Davis
| Veterinary Dictionary: neurosis |
Pl. neuroses; an emotional disorder that can interfere with an animal's ability to lead a normal life; sometimes called psychoneurosis. Examples are weaving,
| Quotes About: Neurosis |
Quotes:
"I have three phobias which, could I mute them, would make my life as slick as a sonnet, but as dull as ditch water: I hate to go to bed, I hate to get up, and I hate to be alone."
- Tallulah Bankhead
"The anguish of the neurotic individual is the same as that of the saint. The neurotic, the saint are engaged in the same battle. Their blood flows from similar wounds. But the first one gasps and the other one gives."
- Georges Bataille
"If you get hung up on everybody else's hang-ups, then the whole world's going to be nothing more than one huge gallows."
- Richard Brautigan
"Oh the nerves, the nerves; the mysteries of this machine called man! Oh the little that unhinges it, poor creatures that we are!"
- Charles Dickens
"A certain degree of neurosis is of inestimable value as a drive, especially to a psychologist."
- Sigmund Freud
"Neurotics complain of their illness, but they make the most of it, and when it comes to talking it away from them they will defend it like a lioness her young."
- Sigmund Freud
See more famous quotes about Neurosis
| Wikipedia: Neurosis |
Neurosis is a class of functional mental disorders involving distress but neither delusions nor hallucinations, where behavior is not outside socially acceptable norms.[1] It is also known as psychoneurosis or neurotic disorder, and thus those suffering from it are said to be neurotic. Once a common psychiatric diagnosis, the term is no longer part of mainstream psychiatric terminology in the United States, though it continues to be employed in psychoanalytic theory and practice, and in various other theoretical disciplines.
Contents |
Neurosis was coined by the Scottish doctor William Cullen in 1769 to refer to "disorders of sense and motion" caused by a "general affection of the nervous system." For him, it described various nervous disorders and symptoms that could not be explained physiologically. It derives from the Greek word neuron (nerve) with the suffix -osis (diseased or abnormal condition). The term was however most influentially defined by Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud over a century later. It has continued to be used in contemporary theoretical writing in psychology and philosophy.[2]
The American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has eliminated the category of Neurosis, reflecting a decision by the editors to provide descriptions of behavior as opposed to hidden psychological mechanisms as diagnostic criteria.[3], and, according to The American Heritage Medical Dictionary, it is "no longer used in psychiatric diagnosis."[4] These changes to the DSM have been highly controversial.[5]
As an illness, neurosis represents a variety of mental disorders in which emotional distress or unconscious conflict is expressed through various physical, physiological, and mental disturbances, which may include physical symptoms (e.g., hysteria). The definitive symptom is anxieties. Neurotic tendencies are common and may manifest themselves as depression, acute or chronic anxiety, obsessive-compulsive tendencies, phobias, and even personality disorders, such as borderline personality disorder or obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. It has perhaps been most simply defined as a "poor ability to adapt to one's environment, an inability to change one's life patterns, and the inability to develop a richer, more complex, more satisfying personality."[6] Neurosis should not be mistaken for psychosis, which refers to loss of touch with reality, or neuroticism, a fundamental personality trait according to psychological theory.
According to psychoanalytic theory, neuroses may be rooted in ego defense mechanisms, but the two concepts are not synonymous. Defense mechanisms are a normal way of developing and maintaining a consistent sense of self (i.e., an ego), while only those thought and behavior patterns that produce difficulties in living should be termed neuroses.
There are many different specific forms of neurosis: pyromania, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety neurosis, hysteria (in which anxiety may be discharged through a physical symptom), and an endless variety of phobias. According to Dr. George Boeree, effects of neurosis can involve:
...anxiety, sadness or depression, anger, irritability, mental confusion, low sense of self-worth, etc., behavioral symptoms such as phobic avoidance, vigilance, impulsive and compulsive acts, lethargy, etc., cognitive problems such as unpleasant or disturbing thoughts, repetition of thoughts and obsession, habitual fantasizing, negativity and cynicism, etc. Interpersonally, neurosis involves dependency, aggressiveness, perfectionism, schizoid isolation, socio-culturally inappropriate behaviors, etc.[6]
Carl Jung found his approach particularly fitting for people who are successfully adjusted by normal social standards, but who nevertheless have issues with the meaning of their life.
I have frequently seen people become neurotic when they content themselves with inadequate or wrong answers to the questions of life (Jung, [1961] 1989:140).
The majority of my patients consisted not of believers but of those who had lost their faith (Jung, [1961] 1989:140).
[Contemporary man] is blind to the fact that, with all his rationality and efficiency, he is possessed by "powers" that are beyond his control. His gods and demons have not disappeared at all; they have merely got new names. They keep him on the run with restlessness, vague apprehensions, psychological complications, an insatiable need for pills, alcohol, tobacco, food – and, above all, a large array of neuroses. (Jung, 1964:82).
Jung found that the unconscious finds expression primarily through an individual’s inferior psychological function, whether it is thinking, feeling, sensing, or intuition. The characteristic effects of a neurosis on the dominant and inferior functions are discussed in Psychological Types.
Jung saw collective neuroses in politics: "Our world is, so to speak, dissociated like a neurotic" (Jung, 1964:85).
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| Translations: Neurosis |
Nederlands (Dutch)
neurose, zenuwziekte
Français (French)
n. - névrose
Deutsch (German)
n. - Neurose, Nervenkrankheit
Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (ψυχολ.) (ψυχο)νεύρωση
Português (Portuguese)
n. - neurose (f)
Español (Spanish)
n. - neurosis
中文(简体)(Chinese (Simplified))
神经症, 神经衰弱症
中文(繁體)(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 神經症, 神經衰弱症
한국어 (Korean)
n. - 신경증, 노이로제, (심리)신경감동
日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 神経症, ノイローゼ
العربيه (Arabic)
(الاسم) العصاب : اضطراب عصبي وظيفي
עברית (Hebrew)
n. - עצבנת, נברוזה (הפרעה נפשית)
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| Abandonment | |
| Acutal Neurosis/Defense Neurosis | |
| Amplification (Analytical Psychology) |
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