New Age
American Heritage Dictionary:
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New Age
adj.
- Of or relating to a complex of spiritual and consciousness-raising movements originating in the 1980s and covering a range of themes from a belief in spiritualism and reincarnation to advocacy of holistic approaches to health and ecology.
- Of, relating to, or resembling New Age music.
A style of modern music characterized by a relaxing or dreamy texture derived from quiet harmonies and drones, often incorporating synthesizers and acoustic and ethnic instrumentation.
New Ager New Ager n.
New-Agey New'-Ag'ey (nū'ā'jē, nyū'-) adj.
New Age, a term popularized in the 1980s to describe a wide-ranging set of beliefs and practices that are an outgrowth of the counterculture of the 1960s and 70s in the United States. Adherents of the New Age movement believe that a spiritual era is dawning in which individuals and society will be transformed. The movement encompasses a wide range of ideas, including personal spiritual growth and self-realization, holistic medicine (including the use of crystals for healing), reincarnation, astrology, and the mystical energies said to be induced by pyramids. Many critics of the movement regard it as anti-intellectual. In music, the term refers to meditative, relaxing, usually instrumental styles.
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The New Age movement was a revivalist movement that swept through metaphysical New Thought churches and Spiritualist and occult organizations in the 1970s and 1980s. As a result, many people accepted either a metaphysical or Spiritualist perspective and both communities grew significantly. The New Age idea of replacing the present society with a coming of the golden age of peace and love for the next generation transformed both communities. By the mid-1990s, the idea of a New Age had largely died out but had left the psychic community permanently changed.
Roots of the New Age Movement
A noticeable New Age vision, the triumph of the hopes and ideals to which occultists gave their allegiance, was given a certain limited expression throughout the twentieth century. Often that hope was seen in the arrival of what was termed the Aquarian Age. In astrology, an "age" is defined by the location of the sun at the moment of the spring equinox each year. Because of the tilt of the Earth's axis, that sign changes approximately every 2,160 years. Depending upon the astrological system one uses, the sun is making the transition from the sign of Pisces to that of Aquarius sometime in this century.
Pisces, the fish sign, is often associated with Christianity, in which the fish is frequently used as a symbol of Jesus; in Greek the word for fish, ichthus, was a acronym for the phrase "Jesus Christ, God's son and Saviour." The passing of the Earth to a new astrological age would bring a new religion or spiritual perspective to dominance. However, during the last half of the twentieth century, as a new millennium loomed on the horizon, a variety of occult groups predicted the coming new age at the same time as the new millennium.
Among the early groups predicting the New Age was the London-based Universal Link, which originated in the contact of Richard Grave of Worthing, England, with a spirit entity who came to be known only as "Limitless Love." This entity first appeared in 1961 and gave Grave a variety of messages on the impending return of Christ in the midst of the seemingly destructive course of action being followed by the human race. Publicity given Grave's messages in a Spiritualist newspaper and his subsequent meeting with Spiritualist artist Libby Pugh led to the development of a network of interested individuals.
Crucial to the message was a prediction that by Christmas morning of 1967 Christ would reveal himself through the medium of nuclear evolution. That prediction brought many into the network, including Sir Anthony Brooke, the former ruler of the Indonesian island of Sarawak, who spent his retirement years traveling the world spreading the message.
When no visible event occurred to coincide with the predicted nuclear event, the most dedicated of the Universal Link members concluded that the event was an invisible one. Nellie Cane, founder of the Spiritual Research Society, and a key American figure spreading the Universal Link message, suggested that the event was the completion of the international linking of groups and individuals who need to join in a common effort to radiate God's light to the world.
Among the groups linked in the 1960s was the Findhorn Foundation, a communal association in northern Scotland in large part held together by channeling. Channeling is similar to mediumships in Spiritualism — the ability to contact spirit entities. However, in Spiritualism, a mediumship had concentrated upon the communication with a large number of spirit entities bringing greetings or messages to their still-living relatives with the aim of proving their continued existence after the transition of bodily death. Channeling, in contrast, assumed the existence of a spiritual world with which contact could be made for the purpose of learning about the nature of the world and receiving guidance on how to live. Mediumship was seen as the special prerogative of a few special individuals, while channeling was seen as possible for almost anyone.
A medium usually had a control, one or a few individual spirit entities who facilitated contact with the deceased relatives of the sitter(s). The channel usually contacted one or a few master teachers who regularly delivered philosophical discourses. The entities channeled, while usually the spirits of long-deceased individuals, could also be creatures from other planets, angelic beings, nature spirits, the channels' own higher self, or even Christ or God. The theosophical tradition had been built from the initial channelings of Helena Petrovna Blavatsky from the Masters or Mahatmas. While little channeling activity took place in the post-Blavatsky Theosophical Society, numerous splinter groups emerged around a new channel, sometimes referred to as a Messenger. Most prominent of these subsequent channels were Alice A. Bailey of the Arcane School and Guy W. Ballard, founder of the I Am Movement. The practice of channeling was given a tremendous boost in the 1970s by the publication of the material channeled by Jane Roberts from an entity known as "Seth."
Findhorn had been sustained through the 1960s, its developing years, by the channeling activity of Eileen Caddy. In the early 1970s, it was joined by a young student of the Alice Bailey teachings, David Spangler, who channeled material from an entity called "John." Spangler would, during his three years at Findhorn, construct a vision of the New Age as a time when important new energies from the cosmos were available to the human race. If these energies were accepted and worked with over the next generation, a New Age could be brought to pass. According to Spangler, the coming of the New Age was dependent upon the dedicated spiritual work of the people. He published his views first in a small book published by Findhorn, The New Age Vision (1973), upon which he expanded in his widely circulated volumes Revelation: The Birth of a New Age (1976) and Towards a Planetary Vision (1977).
Through the 1970s the New Age vision as articulated by Spangler spread through the groups and individuals that had constituted the network created by the Universal Link and spread far beyond it. The basic ideas were quite simple: There is a New Age coming and this present generation is the transition generation, though most will live to see and enjoy the imminent new society of peace and love. As society goes through the birth pangs of the new society and the turmoil and displacement it will bring, individuals can experience a foretaste of the social transformation in an immediate and personal transformation occasioned by a healing, a new personal insight, or the realization of a spiritual truth. Facilitating the personal transformation were a number of New Age transformative tools: channeling, crystals, divinatory techniques (tarot cards, astrology, etc.) and a whole range of holistic health practices. Responsibility for bringing in the New Age is in the hands of individuals who must take responsibility for their lives and the direction of society.
As the New Age movement emerged through the 1970s, it had a social vision that saw the merging of New Age vision to older movements centered upon world peace, environmentalism, and multiethnic cooperation. Healing became an important metaphor of the New Age and the holistic health perspective provided an alternative program to the common scientific medicine built upon drugs and surgery. It suggested an emphasis upon preventive medicine and the eradication of disease through a natural (and frequently vegetarian) diet, healthful practices (exercise, hatha yoga, living in a nonpolluted environment), and attention to clearing problems by developing spiritually and cleansing the emotions. The various forms of body work (chiropractic, massage, and related practices) have been immensely popular in New Age circles.
Rise and Fall of the New Age
The New Age movement grew through the 1970s and by 1980s had become a recognizable social phenomena. In that year Marilyn Ferguson would describe it as The Aquarian Conspiracy, a decentralized network of people who have forsaken the past for a coming new world. They are bonded by their experience of inner transformation and their common work for the coming transformed society. Through the next decade channeling became a well-known phenomenon, the use of crystals (the effect of which was described in great detail by channeler Frank Alper) spread, the publication of metaphysical and occult books burgeoned, and hundreds of thousands of people in Europe, North America, and urban centers around the world were swept up into the movement. An estimated four million adherents could be found in the United States alone.
The movement seemed to peak in the late 1980s following the airing in 1987 of Out on a Limb, a television movie based upon the New Age awakening of actress Shirley MacLaine. MacLaine had written a series of popular New Age books and publicly identified with the movement, in which she developed an avocation as a teacher. In 1989 she released a video, Shirley MacLaine's Inner Workout.
However, through the 1980s, the New Age movement received a significant amount of criticism, the most telling accusing it of being a shallow spiritual vision built upon the questionable practices of channeling and crystals and a naive (and false) hope of a significant systemic change in society. Internally, New Age leaders began to reexamine the movement. The first of an important set of redefining articles by David Spangler began to appear in 1988. Over the next few years, prominent leaders of the movement announced their abandonment of the New Age vision of a transformed society and publicly distanced themselves from channeling and crystals. They suggested that the heart of the movement had always been the personal transformations experienced by individuals and the spiritual perspective on life it gave to people. The social vision was abandoned and the people left in the movement reoriented entirely around personal development and improvement.
By the early 1990s, it was obvious that the New Age movement was dying. The passing of the New Age movement did not leave the metaphysical, Spiritualist, and occult communities unchanged. The hundreds of thousands of individuals brought into the communities by the New Age did not leave. Hundreds of New Age bookstores still dot the landscape, and New Age publishing remains a healthy concern. Most importantly, the concept of "New Age," which largely replaced "occult" in popular parlance, gave occultism a positive image in popular culture, the lack of which was a major barrier to its growth. The New Age movement left the occult community in a most robust state.
During the nineties the New Age has shifted from its premillennialist stance where an "overnight" scenario was expected to occur to a more postmillennial outlook where each person is expected to create their own heaven on earth by personal spiritual transformation over time. This evolution can be seen in the progression of books by James Redfield starting with The Celestine Prophecy and continuing with many sequels. The new emphasis has been on the issue of ascension, but with no crystallized consensus from the many authors that promote it. Such authors grace the pages of Sedona Journal of Emergence with an eclectic mix of views. Another huge archive of New Age information is the SpiritWeb Internet site.
Sources:
Anderson, Walter Truett. The Upstart Spring: Esalen & the American Awakening. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1983.
Basil, Robert, ed. Not Necessarily the New Age. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1988.
Celestine Vision. http://www.celestinevision.com/main.html. April 10, 2000.
Ferguson, Marilyn. The Aquarian Conspiracy: Personal and Social Transformation in Our Time. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980.
Lewis, James R., and J. Gordon Melton, eds. Perspectives on the New Age. Albany, N.Y.: State University Press of New York, 1992.
MacLaine, Shirley. Out on a Limb. New York: Bantam Books, 1983.
Melton, J. Gordon, Jerome Clark, and Aidan Kelly, eds. New Age Encyclopedia. Detroit: Gale Research, 1990.
Mystic Planet and New Age Directory of Planet Earth. http://www.mysticplanet.com/. April 10, 2000.
New Age Reading Room. http://www.wholeagain.com/news.html. April 10, 2000.
New Age Web Works. http://www.newageinfo.com. April 10, 2000.
New Age On-line Australia. http://www.newage.com.au. April 10, 2000.
Schultz, Ted. The Fringes of Reason: A Whole Earth Catalog. New York: Harmony Books, 1989.
Sedona Journal of Emergence. http://www.sedonajo.com/sje. April 10, 2000.
Spangler, David. Revelation: The Birth of a New Age. San Francisco: Rainbow Bridge, 1976.
Spangler, David, and William Irwin Thompson. Reimagination of the World: A Critique of the New Age, Science, and Popular Culture. Sante Fe, N.Mex.: Bear and Company Publishing, 1991.
Spiritual Consciousness on WWW. http://www.spiritweb.org. April 10, 2000.
Wilson, Robert Anton. The New Inquisition: Irrational Rationalism and the Citadel of Science. Las Vegas: Falcon Press, 1986.
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categories related to 'New Age'
- Styles and Genres - New Age: repetitive, ambient acoustic jazz and serene background music, orig. 1980's
- New Age - New Age: evolution of human consciousness and spiritual movement toward the light of the Aquarian Age; spiritual healing based on various techniques and methods such as astrology and crystal interpretation
Wikipedia on Answers.com:
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New Age
This article is about the New Age movement and its spirituality. For the astrological age in western astrology, see Age of Aquarius. For other uses with the term New Age, see New Age (disambiguation).
The New Age movement is a Western spiritual movement that developed in the second half of the 20th century. Its central precepts have been described as "drawing on both Eastern and Western spiritual and metaphysical traditions and infusing them with influences from self-help and motivational psychology, holistic health, parapsychology, consciousness research and quantum physics".[2] It aims to create "a spirituality without borders or confining dogmas" that is inclusive and pluralistic.[3] It holds to "a holistic worldview,"[4] emphasising that the Mind, Body and Spirit are interrelated[1] and that there is a form of Monism and unity throughout the universe.[5] It attempts to create "a worldview that includes both science and spirituality"[6] and embraces a number of forms of mainstream science as well as other forms of science that are considered fringe.
According to author Nevill Drury, the origins of the movement can be found in the 18th and 19th centuries, particularly through the works of the esotericists Emanuel Swedenborg, Franz Mesmer, Helena Blavatsky and George Gurdjieff, who laid some of the basic philosophical principles that would influence the movement. It would gain further momentum in the 1960s, taking influence from metaphysics, self-help psychology, and the various Indian gurus who visited the West during that decade.[7] The New Age movement includes elements of older spiritual and religious traditions ranging from atheism and monotheism through classical pantheism, naturalistic pantheism, pandeism and panentheism to polytheism combined with science and Gaia philosophy; particularly archaeoastronomy, astronomy, ecology, environmentalism, the Gaia hypothesis, psychology and physics. New Age practices and philosophies sometimes draw inspiration from major world religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Chinese folk religion, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Sikhism; with strong influences from East Asian religions, Gnosticism, Neopaganism, New Thought, Spiritualism, Theosophy, Universalism and Western esotericism.[8] The term New Age refers to the coming astrological Age of Aquarius.[1]
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History
Origins
The author Nevill Drury claimed there are "four key precursors of the New Age," who had set the way for many of its widely held precepts.[3] The first of these was Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772), a Swedish scientist who after a religious experience devoted himself to Christian mysticism, believing that he could travel to Heaven and Hell and commune with angels, demons and spirits, and who published widely on the subject of his experiences. The second person was Franz Mesmer (1734–1815), who had developed a form of healing using magnets, believing that there was a force known as "animal magnetism" that affected humans. The third figure was the Russian Helena Blavatsky (1831–1891), one of the founders of the Theosophical Society, through which she propagated her religious movement of Theosophy, which itself combined a number of elements from Eastern religions like Hinduism and Buddhism with Western elements. The fourth figure was George Gurdjieff (c. 1872–1949), who founded the philosophy of the Fourth Way, through which he conveyed a number of spiritual teachings to his disciples. A fifth individual whom Drury identified as an important influence upon the New Age movement was the Indian Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902), an adherent of the philosophy of Vedanta who first brought Hinduism to the West in the late 19th century.[9]
The term New Age was used as early as 1809 by William Blake who described a coming era of spiritual and artistic advancement in his preface to Milton a Poem by stating: "... when the New Age is at leisure to pronounce, all will be set right ..."[10]
Some of the New Age movement's constituent elements appeared initially in the 19th-century metaphysical movements: Spiritualism, Theosophy, and New Thought and also the alternative medicine movements of chiropractics and naturopathy.[1][5] These movements have roots in Transcendentalism, Mesmerism, Swedenborgianism, and various earlier Western esoteric or occult traditions, such as the hermetic arts of astrology, magic, alchemy, and Kabbalah. The term New Age was used in this context in Madame Blavatsky's book The Secret Doctrine, published in 1888.[11]
A weekly journal of Christian liberalism and socialism titled The New Age was published as early as 1894;[12] it was sold to a group of socialist writers headed by Alfred Richard Orage and Holbrook Jackson in 1907. Contributors included H. G. Wells, George Bernard Shaw, and William Butler Yeats; the magazine became a forum for politics, literature, and the arts.[13][14] Between 1908 and 1914, it was instrumental in pioneering the British avant-garde from Vorticism to Imagism. Orage met P. D. Ouspensky, a follower of Gurdjieff, in 1914 and began correspondence with Harry Houdini; he became less interested in literature and art with an increased focus on mysticism and other spiritual topics; the magazine was sold in 1921. According to Brown University, The New Age "... helped to shape modernism in literature and the arts from 1907 to 1922."[15]
Development
Popularisation behind these ideas has roots in the work of early 20th century writers such as D. H. Lawrence and William Butler Yeats. In the early- to mid-1900s, American mystic, theologian, and founder of the Association for Research and Enlightenment Edgar Cayce was a seminal influence on what later would be termed the New Age movement; he was known in particular for the practice some refer to as channeling.[16] The psychologist Carl Jung was a proponent of the concept of the Age of Aquarius.[17] In a letter to his friend Peter Baynes, dated 12 August 1940, Jung wrote a passage: "... This year reminds me of the enormous earthquake in 26 B.C. that shook down the great temple of Karnak. It was the prelude to the destruction of all temples, because a new time had begun. 1940 is the year when we approach the meridian of the first star in Aquarius. It is the premonitory earthquake of the New Age ..."[18][19] Former Theosophist Rudolf Steiner and his Anthroposophical movement are a major influence. Neo-Theosophist Alice Bailey published the book Discipleship in the New Age (1944), which used the term New Age in reference to the transition from the astrological age of Pisces to Aquarius. While claims of racial bias in the writings of Rudolf Steiner and Alice Bailey were made,[20] Bailey was firmly opposed to the Axis powers; she believed that Adolf Hitler was possessed by the Dark Forces,[21] and Steiner emphasized racial equality as a principle central to anthroposophical thought and humanity's progress.[22][23] Any racial elements from these influences have not remained part of the Anthroposophical Society as contemporary adherents of the society have either not adopted or repudiated these beliefs.[24][25] Another early usage of the term, was by the American artist, mystic, and philosopher Walter Russell, who spoke of "... this New Age philosophy of the spiritual re-awakening of man ... Man's purpose in this New Age is to acquire more and more knowledge ..." in his essay "Power Through Knowledge," which was also published in 1944.[26]
Contemporary usage of the term
The subculture that later became known as New Age already existed in the early 1970s, based on and adopting ideas originally present in the counterculture of the 1960s. Two entities founded in 1962: the Esalen Institute in Big Sur, California and the Findhorn Foundation—an intentional community which continues to operate the Findhorn Ecovillage near Findhorn, Moray, Scotland—played an instrumental role during the early growth period of the New Age movement.[27]
Widespread usage of the term New Age began in the mid-1970s (reflected in the title of monthly periodical New Age Journal) and probably influenced several thousand small metaphysical book- and gift-stores that increasingly defined themselves as "New Age bookstores."[28][29] As a result of the large-scale activities surrounding the Harmonic Convergence in 1987, the American mass-media further popularised the term as a label for the alternative spiritual subculture, including practices such as meditation, channeling, crystal healing, astral projection, psychic experience, holistic health, simple living, and environmentalism; or belief in phenomena such as Earth mysteries, ancient astronauts, extraterrestrial life, unidentified flying objects, crop circles, and reincarnation. Several New Age publications appeared by the late 1980s such as Psychic Guide (later renamed Body, Mind & Spirit), Yoga Journal, New Age Voice, New Age Retailer, and NAPRA ReView by the New Age Publishers and Retailers Alliance.
Several key events occurred, which raised public awareness of the New Age subculture: the production of the musical Hair: The American Tribal Love-Rock Musical (1967) with its opening song "Aquarius" and its memorable line "This is the dawning of the Age of Aquarius";[30] publication of Linda Goodman's best-selling astrology books Sun Signs (1968) and Love Signs (1978); the release of Shirley MacLaine's book Out on a Limb (1983), later adapted into a television mini-series with the same name (1987); and the "Harmonic Convergence" planetary alignment on August 16 and 17, 1987,[31] organized by José Argüelles at Sedona in the U.S. state of Arizona. The claims of channelers Jane Roberts (Seth Material), Helen Schucman (A Course in Miracles), J. Z. Knight (Ramtha), Neale Donald Walsch (Conversations with God) (note that Walsch denies being a "channeler" and his books make it obvious that he is not one), and Rene Gaudette (The Wonders) contributed to the movement's growth.[32][33] Relevant New Age works include the writings of James Redfield, Eckhart Tolle, Barbara Marx Hubbard, Christopher Hills, Marianne Williamson, Deepak Chopra, John Holland, Gary Zukav, Wayne Dyer, and Rhonda Byrne.
While J. Gordon Melton,[34] Wouter Hanegraaff,[35] and Paul Heelas[36] have emphasised personal aspects, Mark Satin,[37] Theodore Roszak,[38] Marilyn Ferguson,[39] and Corinne McLaughlin[40] have described New Age as a values-based sociopolitical movement.
Spirituality
Main articles: Spirituality and List of New Age topics
See also: Outline of spirituality and List of philosophies
While the New Age lacks any unified belief-system, many spiritual practices and philosophies are common among adherents of the movement—sometimes referred to as New Agers.
| Concept | Description |
|---|---|
| Theism | General and abstract idea of God, understood in many ways and seen as superseding the need to anthropomorphize deity. |
| Spiritual beings | Many believe that gods, devas, angels, Ascended Masters, elementals, ghosts, faeries, Spirit guides and extraterrestrials can spiritually guide people who open themselves to such guidance.[41] |
| Afterlife | The New Age sets no restrictions on one's beliefs about an afterlife.[citation needed] Each person can find their own path - whether it involves reincarnation, non-existence, or a higher plane of consciousness. Some believe consciousness persists after death as life in different forms; the afterlife exists for further learning through the form of a spirit, reincarnation and/or near-death experiences.[42] The New Age belief in reincarnation can differ from the Buddhist or Hindu concepts: seeing a soul, for example, born into a spiritual realm or even on a far-away planet, and there is no desire to end this process; there are also beliefs that either all individuals (not just a minority) can choose where they reincarnate, or that God/the universe always chooses the best reincarnation for each person.[43] There may be a belief in a limited number of earthly lives which are followed by some guaranteed higher existence. One version is that the individual must incarnate once under each of the twelve signs of the zodiac.[44] There may be a belief in hell, but typically not in the traditional Christian sense or Islamic sense of eternal damnation. Universalist views of the afterlife are common. |
| Age of Aquarius | Some astrologers[which?] regard the current time-period[when?] as the dawning of the Age of Aquarius, correlated to various changes in the world; and some claim that the early 1960s was the actual beginning of the Age of Aquarius, though this claim is highly contentious. Common claims about the developments associated with the Age of Aquarius include, but are not limited to, human rights, democracy, innovative technology, electricity, computers, and aviation. Esoteric claims are that the Age of Aquarius will see a rise in consciousness.[11] |
| Eschatology | Related to the above; a belief that we are living on the threshold of a great change in human consciousness usually focused on the date December 21, 2012 when a major, usually positive, change is anticipated.[45] See 2012 phenomenon. |
| Astrology | Horoscopes and the Zodiac are used in understanding, interpreting, and organizing information about personality, human affairs, and other terrestrial matters.[46] |
| Teleology | Life has a purpose; this includes a belief in synchronicity—that coincidences have spiritual meaning and lessons to teach those open to them. Everything is universally connected through God and participates in the same energy.[47] There is a cosmic goal and a belief that all entities are (knowingly or unknowingly) cooperating towards this goal. |
| Indigo children | Children are being born with a more highly developed spiritual power than earlier generations.[48][49] |
| Interpersonal relationships | Opportunities to learn about one's self and relationships are destined to be repeated until they are healthy.[50] Those in the New Age movement accept women's complete equality in all aspects of society including religion and the complete acceptance of one's sexual orientation, whether heterosexual, homosexual (gay or lesbian) or bisexual and gender identity, whether cisgender, transgender, or intersexual as a means of spiritual development. |
| Intuition | An important aspect of perception – offset by a somewhat strict rationalism – noted especially in the works of psychologist Carl Jung.[51] |
| Optimism | Positive thinking supported by affirmations will achieve success in anything;[52] this is based on the concept that Thought Creates. Therefore, as one begins focusing attention and consciousness on the positive, on the "half-filled" glass of water, reality starts shifting and materializing the positive intentions and aspects of life. A certain critical mass of people with a highly spiritual consciousness will bring about a sudden change in the whole population.[53] Humans have a responsibility to take part in positive creative activity and to work to heal ourselves, each other and the planet.[54] |
| Human Potential Movement | The human mind has much greater potential than that ascribed to it[55][56][57] and is even capable of overriding physical reality.[58] |
| Spiritual healing | Humans have potential healing powers, such as therapeutic touch, which can be developed[by whom?] to heal others through touch or at a distance.[59] |
| Time | Concept of Eternal Now as a true nature of time (including the past, present, and a multitude of "snapshots" of the pre-constructed variants of the future). Cyclic, as well as relative nature of time. "Spirit sees things differently than you do. You work in a linear time frame and Spirit does not." A human's choices made in the present affect his/her linear past, as the totality of time is a closed dynamic system.[60][61] "You are eternal in both directions... If you look far enough into your past, you'll find your future there."[62] |
Further information: Relationship between religion and science and Quantum mind–body problem
| Concept | Description |
|---|---|
| Eclecticism | New Age spirituality is characterized by an individual approach to spiritual practices and philosophies, and the rejection of religious doctrine and dogma.[63] |
| Matriarchy | Feminine forms of spirituality, including feminine images of the divine, such as the female Aeon Sophia in Gnosticism, are deprecated by patriarchal religions.[5] |
| Ancient civilizations | Atlantis, Lemuria, Mu, and other lost lands existed.[64] Relics such as the crystal skulls and monuments such as Stonehenge and the Great Pyramid of Giza were left behind. |
| Psychic perception | Certain geographic locations emanate psychic energy (sometimes through ley lines) and were considered sacred in pagan religions throughout the world.[65] |
| Eastern world practices | Meditation, Yoga, Tantra, Chinese medicine, Ayurveda, martial arts, T'ai chi ch'uan, Falun Gong, Qigong, Reflexology, Reiki, and other Eastern practices may assist in focusing spirituality. |
| Diet | Food influences both the mind and body; it is generally preferable to practice vegetarianism by eating fresh organic food, which is locally grown and in season;[66][67] fasting may be used.[68] |
| Mathematics | An appeal to the language of nature and mathematics, as evidenced by numerology, Kabbalah,[69] Sacred geometry, and gnosticism to discern the nature of God. |
| Science | Quantum mechanics, parapsychology, and the Gaia hypothesis have been used in quantum mysticism to explain spiritual principles.[70] Authors Deepak Chopra, Fritjof Capra, Fred Alan Wolf, and Gary Zukav have linked quantum mechanics to New Age spirituality, which is presented in the film What the Bleep Do We Know!? (2004); also, in connection with the Law of Attraction, which is related to New Thought and presented in the film The Secret (2006). They have interpreted the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, quantum entanglement, wave function collapse, or the many-worlds interpretation to mean that all objects in the universe are one (monism), that possibility and existence are endless, and that the physical world is only what one believes it to be. In medicine, such practices as therapeutic touch, homeopathy, chiropractic, and naturopathy involve hypotheses and treatments that have not been accepted by the conventional, science-based medical community through the normal course of empirical testing.[71][72] |
Lifestyle
New Age spirituality has led to a wide array of literature on the subject and an active niche market, with books, music, crafts, and services in alternative medicine available at New Age stores, fairs, and festivals.[73][74]
Demographics
People who practice New Age spirituality or who embrace its lifestyle are included in the Lifestyle of Health and Sustainability (LOHAS) demographic market segment, currently in a growth phase, related to sustainable living, green ecological initiatives, and generally composed of a relatively affluent and well-educated segment.[75][76] The LOHAS market segment in 2006 was estimated at USD$300 billion, approximately 30 percent of the United States consumer market.[77][78] According to The New York Times, a study by the Natural Marketing Institute showed that in 2000, 68 million Americans were included within the LOHAS demographic. The sociologist Paul H. Ray, who coined the term Cultural Creatives in his book The Cultural Creatives: How 50 Million People Are Changing the World (2000), states, "What you're seeing is a demand for products of equal quality that are also virtuous."[79][80]
The New Age is strongly gendered; sociologist Ciara O'Connor argues that it shows a tension between commodification and women's empowerment.[81]
Community
Further information: Sustainability
See also: List of intentional communities
Some New Agers advocate living in a simple and sustainable manner to reduce humanity's impact on the natural resources of Earth; and they shun consumerism.[83][84] The New Age movement has been centered around rebuilding a sense of community to counter social disintegration; this has been attempted through the formation of intentional communities, where individuals come together to live and work in a communal lifestyle.[85]
Holistic health
See also: List of branches of alternative medicine
Practitioners of New Age spirituality may use alternative medicine in addition to or in place of conventional medicine;[74][86] while some conventional physicians have adopted aspects or the complete approach of holistic health.
Music
See also: List of New Age music artists and List of ambient artists
New Age music is peaceful music of various styles intended to create inspiration, relaxation, and positive feelings while listening. Studies have determined that New Age music can be an effective component of stress management.[87]
The style began in the 1970s with the works of free-form jazz groups recording on the ECM label; such as Oregon, the Paul Winter Consort, and other pre-ambient bands; as well as ambient music performer Brian Eno and classical avant-garde musician Daniel Kobialka.[citation needed] In the early 1970s, it was mostly instrumental with both acoustic and electronic styles. New Age music evolved to include a wide range of styles from electronic space music (like Constance Demby's) using synthesizers and acoustic instrumentals using Native American flutes and drums, singing bowls, and world music sounds to spiritual chanting from other cultures.
Reception
Organized religion
Further information: Comparative religion
Mainstream religious institutions have been critical of New Age spirituality. Author Johanna Michaelson published her own experiences with various New Age practices in The Beautiful Side of Evil (1982); after concluding these activities were demonic, she converted to Christianity.[88] Michigan attorney and activist Constance Cumbey offered the first major criticism of the New Age movement from a Christian perspective in The Hidden Dangers of the Rainbow: The New Age Movement and Our Coming Age of Barbarism (1983).[89]
The Roman Catholic Church published A Christian reflection on the New Age in 2003, following a six-year study; the 90-page document criticizes New Age practices such as yoga, meditation, feng shui, and crystal healing.[90][91] According to the Vatican, euphoric states attained through New Age practices should not be confused with prayer or viewed as signs of God's presence.[92] Cardinal Paul Poupard, then-president of the Pontifical Council for Culture, said the "New Age is a misleading answer to the oldest hopes of man."[90] Monsignor Michael Fitzgerald, then-president of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue, stated at the Vatican conference on the document: the "Church avoids any concept that is close to those of the New Age."[93]
Expressing agreement with the Vatican's position, Richard Land of the Southern Baptist Convention stated that many Baptists would regard New Age ideas as contrary to Christian tradition and doctrine.[94]
Integral theory
Further information: Integral Theory
The author Ken Wilber posits that most New Age thought falls into what he termed the pre/trans fallacy.[95] According to Wilber, human developmental psychology moves from the pre-personal, through the personal, then to the transpersonal (spiritually advanced or enlightened) level.[96] He regards 80 percent of New Age spirituality as pre-rational (pre-conventional) and as relying primarily on mythic-magical thinking; this contrasts with a post-rational (including and transcending rational) genuinely world-centric consciousness.[95][96] Despite his criticism of most New Age thought, Wilber has been categorized as New Age due to his emphasis on a transpersonal view,[97] and more recently, as a philosopher.[98]
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Further information: Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Some adherents of traditional disciplines, such as the Lakota people—a tribe of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, reject "the expropriation of [their] ceremonial ways by non-Indians." They see the New Age movement as either not fully understanding, deliberately trivializing, or distorting their disciplines.[99]
They have coined the term plastic medicine men to describe individuals, from within their own communities "who are prostituting our spiritual ways for their own selfish gain, with no regard for the spiritual well-being of the people as a whole."[99] The term plastic shaman has been applied to outsiders who identify themselves as shamans, holy people, or other traditional spiritual leaders, but who have no genuine connection to the traditions or cultures they claim to represent. The academic Ward Churchill criticised the New Age movement as an instrument of cultural imperialism that is exploitative of indigenous cultures by reducing them to a commodity to be traded. In Fantasies of the Master Race, he criticises the cultural appropriation of Native American culture and symbols in not only the New Age movement, but also in art and popular culture.[100]
Goddess movement
Further information: Goddess movement
Followers of the Goddess movement have severely criticized the New Age as fundamentally patriarchal, analytical rather than intuitive, and as supporting the status quo, particularly in its implicit gender roles. Monica Sjöö (1938–2005) wrote that New Age channelers were virtually all women, but the spirits they purported to channel, offering guidance to humanity, were nearly all male. Sjöö was highly critical of Theosophy, the "I AM" Activity, and particularly Alice Bailey, whom she saw as promoting Nazi-like Aryan ideals. Sjöö's writings also condemn the New Age for its support of communication and information processing technologies which, she believes, may produce harmful low-level electromagnetic radiation.[101][102][103]
See also
Notes and references
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- ^ Drury 2004, p. 12
- ^ a b Drury 2004, p. 8
- ^ Drury 2004, p. 11
- ^ a b c Michael D. Langone, Ph.D. Cult Observer, 1993, Volume 10, No. 1. What Is "New Age"?, retrieved 2006-07
- ^ Drury 2004, p. 10
- ^ Drury 2004, pp. 8–10
- ^ Lewis 1992, pp. 15–18
- ^ Drury 2004, pp. 27–28
- ^ Blake, William; Sampson, John (2006), "Selections from Milton", in John Sampson, The Poetical Works of William Blake: Including the Unpublished French Revolution; Together with the Minor Prophetic Books and Selections from the Four Zoas, Milton and Jerusalem, Whitefish, Montana, US: Kessinger Publishing, p. 369, ISBN 978-1-4286-1155-9, http://books.google.com/?id=uWblZFfnZEsC&pg=PA369&dq=Milton+%22New+Age%22#v=onepage&q=Milton%20%22New%20Age%22&f=false, retrieved 2010-10-05
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- ^ Modernism In and Beyond the “Little Magazines”, Winter 2007, Professor Ann Ardis, Brown University
- ^ "The New Age" Encyclopædia Britannica article on Orage
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- ^ York, Michael (1995), The Emerging Network: A Sociology of the New Age and Neo-Pagan Movements, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 60, ISBN 0-8476-8001-0
- ^ Stein, Murray (2005), Transformation, Texas A & M University Press, p. 138, ISBN 1-58544-449-9, http://books.google.com/?id=uZK_clekR9gC&pg=PA138&lpg=PA138&dq=Carl+Gustav+Jung+++Age+of+Aquarius
- ^ Letters of C. G. Jung: Volume I, 1906–1950, p. 285
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- ^ mit einem Vorwort von Justus Wittich und einer Analyse nach deutschem Recht von Ingo Krampen ; die Überarbeitung in deutscher Sprache wurde von der Kommission "Anthroposophie und die Frage der Rassen" autorisiert ; Übersetzung: Ramon Brüll. (2000) (in German), Anthroposophie und die Rassismus-Vorwürfe, Frankfurt am Main: Info3-Verlag, pp. 309ff, ISBN 978-3-924391-24-9
- ^ Kerkvliet, Von Gerard, Commission on "Anthroposophy and the Question of Race", Anthroposophical Society in The Netherlands, archived from the original on June 25, 2007, http://web.archive.org/web/20070625132217/http://www.info3.de/ycms/artikel_190.shtml, retrieved 2007-09-22
- ^ Position Statement on Diversity, The General Council of the Anthroposophical Society in America, 1998, archived from the original on 2008-01-06, http://web.archive.org/web/20080106140711/http://www.anthroposophy.org/Gov/StatementOnDiversity.php, retrieved 2007-04-12, "We explicitly reject any racial theory that may be construed to be part of Rudolf Steiner's writings. The Anthroposophical Society in America is an open, public society and it rejects any purported spiritual or scientific theory on the basis of which the alleged superiority of one race is justified at the expense of another race."
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- ^ Hanegraaff 1996, pp. 10–11
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- ^ Lewis 1992, pp. 22–23
- ^ Drury 2004, pp. 133–34
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- ^ Hanegraaff 1996, pp. 217–24
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- ^ Carroll, Robert Todd (2005), "The Hundredth Monkey Phenomenon", Skeptic's Dictionary, http://skepdic.com/monkey.html, retrieved 2007-08-23
- ^ Accepting Total and Complete Responsibility: New Age NeoFeminist Violence against Sethna Feminism Psychology. (1992) 2: pp. 113–19
- ^ Clarke, Peter Bernard (2006), New Religions in Global Perspective: A Study of Religious Change in the Modern World, Routledge, pp. 31–32, ISBN 0-415-25747-6, http://books.google.com/?id=bKqCmlh9mWwC&pg=PA31&dq=human+potential+new+age#PPA31,M1
- ^ Hanegraaff 1996, pp. 203–55
- ^ Hunt, Stephen (2003), Alternative Religions: A Sociological Introduction, Ashgate Publishing, pp. 5–6, ISBN 0-7546-3410-8, http://books.google.com/?id=0GuWbJhYIccC&pg=PA5&dq=human+potential+new+age#PPA5,M1
- ^ Reality Shifters news, http://realityshifters.com/pages/news.html
- ^ Lewis 1992, p. 14
- ^ Letters from home : loving messages from the family. by Kryon, (Spirit); Lee Carroll. ISBN 1-888053-12-7, ISBN 978-1-888053-12-8
- ^ Тhe end times : new information for personal peace : Kryon book 1. Lee Carroll; Kryon, (Spirit). ISBN 0-9636304-2-3, ISBN 978-0-9636304-2-1
- ^ 2000: passing the marker (understanding the new millenium energy) -- Kryon Book VIII, by Kryon, (Spirit); Lee Carroll. ISBN 1-888053-11-9, ISBN 978-1-888053-11-1
- ^ Lewis 1992, pp. 6–7
- ^ Hanegraaff 1996, pp. 309–10
- ^ Witcombe, Christopher L. C. E., Sacred Places, http://witcombe.sbc.edu/sacredplaces/sacredplacesintro.html, retrieved 2006-07-01
- ^ Heindel, Max (1968), New age Vegetarian Cookbook, Rosicrucian Fellowship OCLC 4971259
- ^ Max, Peter (1971), The Peter Max new age organic vegetarian cookbook, Pyramid Communications OCLC 267219
- ^ The Global Oneness Commitment. Fast Fasting – New Age Spirituality Dictionary, retrieved 2008-04
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- ^ a b Heelas, Paul (1996), The New Age Movement: Religion, Culture and Society in the Age of Postmodernity, Blackwell Publishing, p. 116, ISBN 0-631-19332-4
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- ^ a b Hanegraaff 1996, p. 250
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Bibliography
- Drury, Nevill (2004), The New Age: Searching for the Spiritual Self, London, England, UK: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-28516-0
- Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (1996), New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought, Boston, Massachusetts, US: Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-90-04-10696-3, http://books.google.com/?id=yV1ADS0XXf4C&pg=PP1&dq=New+Age+Hanegraaff
- Lewis, James R. (1992), Perspectives on the New Age, Albany, New York, US: State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-1213-8, http://books.google.com/?id=U1werz4a1BIC&pg=PP1&dq=Perspectives+on+the+New+Age
Further reading
- Hammer, Olav (2003), Claiming Knowledge: Strategies of Epistemology from Theosophy to the New Age, Boston, Massachusetts, US: Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 90-04-13638-X
- Heelas, Paul (1996), The New Age Movement: Religion, Culture and Society in the Age of Postmodernity, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US: Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-19332-4, http://books.google.com/?id=lBC5UHkEFXkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=&f=false
- Kemp, Daren (2004), New Age, a Guide: Alternative Spiritualities from Aquarian Conspiracy to Next Age, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0-7486-1532-6
- Kemp, Daren and Lewis, James R., ed. (2007), Handbook of New Age, Boston, Massachusetts, US: Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 90-04-15355-1
- Pike, Sarah M. (2004), New Age and Neopagan Religions in America, New York City, New York, US: Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-12402-3, http://books.google.com/?id=-vt8nTsS3XUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=New+Age+and+Neopagan+Religions+in+America&q
External links
- New Age at the Open Directory Project
The Wiktionary entry for New Age
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Mentioned in
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