A nickel hydrogen battery (NiH2 or Ni-H2) is a rechargeable electrochemical power source based on nickel and hydrogen.[1] The difference with a nickel-metal hydride battery is the use of hydrogen in a pressurized cell of up to 1200 psi (82.7 bar). [2]
The cathode is made up of a dry sintered[3] porous nickel plaque, which contains nickel hydroxide, the negative hydrogen electrode utilises a teflon-bonded platinum black catalyst, the separator is Zircar tricot knit zirconia cloth link titletype ZYK-15title.[4]
NiH2 cells using 26% potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an electrolyte have shown a service life of 15 years or more at 80% depth of discharge (DOD)[5] The energy density is 75 Wh/kg, 60 Wh/dm3[6] specific power 220 W/kg.[7] The open-circuit voltage is 1.55 V, discharge voltage 1.25 V[8], and the voltage under load 1.5 V. The cells handle more than 20,000 charge cycles[9] on 85% efficiency.
NiH2 rechargeable batteries possess good electrical properties which make them attractive for the energy storage of electrical energy in satellites[10] and space probes. For example, the ISS,[11] Mars Odyssey[12] and the Mars Global Surveyor[13] are equipped with nickel-hydrogen batteries. The Hubble Space Telescope, when its original batteries were changed in May 2009 more than 19 years after launch, led with the highest number of charge/discharge cycles of any NiH2 battery in low earth orbit.[14]
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History
The development of the nickel hydrogen battery started in 1970 at Comsat [15] and was used for the first time in 1977 aboard the U.S. Navy's Navigation technology satellite-2 (NTS-2).[16]
Designs
Individual pressure vessel
The individual pressure vessel (IPV) design consists of a single unit of NiH2 cells in a pressure vessel. [17]
Common pressure vessel
The common pressure vessel (CPV) design consist of two NiH2 cell stacks in series in a common pressure vessel. The CPV provides a slightly higher specific energy than the IPV.
Single pressure vessel
The single pressure vessel (SPV) design combines up to 22 cells in series in a single pressure vessel.
Bipolar
The bipolar design is based on thick electrodes, positive-to-negative back-to-back stacked in a SPV. [18]
Dependent pressure vessel
The dependent pressure vessel (DPV) cell design offers higher specific energy and reduced cost[19] .
Common/dependent-pressure-vessel
The common/dependent pressure vessel (C/DPV) is a hybrid of the common pressure vessel (CPV) and the dependent pressure vessel (DPV) with a high volumetric efficiency[20].
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See also
References
- ^ A simplified physics-based model for nickel hydrogen battery
- ^ Nickel-Hydrogen spacecraft battery handling and storage practice
- ^ Performance comparison between NiH2 dry sinter and slurry electrode cells
- ^ Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries
- ^ Potassium hydroxide electrolyte for long-term Nickel-Hydrogen geosynchronous missions
- ^ Spacecraft Power Systems Pag.8
- ^ NASA/CR—2001-210563/PART2 -Pag.10
- ^ Optimization of spacecraft electrical power subsystems -Pag.40
- ^ Five-year update: nickel hydrogen industry survey
- ^ Ni-H2 Cell Characterization for INTELSAT Programs
- ^ Validation of International Space Station electrical performance model viaon-orbit telemetry
- ^ A lightweight high reliability single battery power system for interplanetary spacecraft
- ^ Mars Global Surveyor
- ^ NiH2 reliability impact upon Hubble Space Telescope battery replacement
- ^ Nickel-Hydrogen Battery Technology—Development and Status
- ^ NTS-2 Nickel-Hydrogen Battery Performance 31
- ^ Nickel Hydrogen Batteries-An Overview
- ^ Development of a large scale bipolar NiH2 battery.
- ^ 1995- Dependent Pressure Vessel (DPV)
- ^ Common/Dependent-Pressure-Vessel Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries
External links
- Overview of the Design, Development, and Application of Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries
- Details of the NiH2-battery
- Implantable Nickel Hydrogen batteries for bio-power applications
- NASA handbook for nickel-hydrogen batteries
- A nickel/hydrogen battery for terrestrial PV systems
- A microfabricated nickel-hydrogen battery using thick film printing techniques
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