A night vision device (NVD) is an optical instrument that allows images to be produced in levels of light approaching total darkness. They are most often used by the military and law enforcement agencies, but are available to civilian users. The term usually refers to a complete unit, including an image intensifier tube, a protective and generally water-resistant housing, and some type of mounting system. Many NVDs also include sacrificial lenses, IR illuminators, and telescopic lenses.
Night vision devices were first used in World War II, and came into wide use during the Vietnam War.[1][2] The technology has evolved greatly since their introduction, leading to several "generations" of night vision equipment with performance increasing and price decreasing.
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Generations
The classification below was initially introduced by the US manufacturers through the US government. European manufacturers do not abide by it.
Generation 0
The first night vision devices were introduced by the German army as early as 1939. The first devices were being developed by AEG starting in 1935. By the end of World War II, the German army had equipped approximately 50 Panther tanks, which saw combat on both the Eastern and Western Fronts. The "Vampir" man-portable system for infantrymen was being used with Sturmgewehr 44 assault rifles.[3] Parallel development of night vision systems occurred in the USA. The M1 and M3 infrared night sighting devices, also known as the "sniperscope" or "snooperscope", were introduced by the US Army in World War II, and also used in the Korean War, to assist snipers.[1] They were active devices, using a large infrared light source to illuminate targets. Their image intensifier tubes function using an anode and an S-1 photocathode, made primarily of silver, caesium, and oxygen to accelerate the electrons.[4]
Generation 1 (GEN I)
First generation passive devices, introduced during the Vietnam War, were an adaptation of earlier active GEN 0 technology, and rely on ambient light instead of an infrared light source. Using an S-20 photocathode, their image intensifiers produce a light amplification of around 1000x,[5] but are quite bulky and require moonlight to function properly.
Examples:
- AN/PVS-2 Starlight scope
Generation 2 (GEN II)
Second generation devices featured an improved image-intensifier tube utilizing micro-channel plate (MCP)[6] with an S-25 photocathode,[4] resulting in a much brighter image, especially around edges of the lens. This leads to increased illumination in low ambient light environments, such as moonless nights. Light amplification is around 20000x.[5] Also improved were image resolution and reliability.
Examples:
Later advancements in GEN II technology has brought tactical characteristics of GEN II+ devices (equipped with better optics, SUPERGEN tubes, Improved resolution and Signal-to-noise ratio)[11][12] into the range of GEN III ones, which has complicated the reasonable comparison.
Generation 3 (GEN III)
Third generation night vision systems maintain the MCP from Gen II, but now use a photocathode made with gallium arsenide, which further improves image resolution. In addition, the MCP is coated with an ion barrier film for increased tube life. The light amplification is also improved to around 30000-50000x.[5]
Examples:
Omnibus-VII (GEN III+ or GEN IV)
The US Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) (http://www.nvl.army.mil/) is part of the governing body that dictates the name of the generation of night vision technologies. Although the recent increased performance associated with the GEN-III OMNI-VII components is impressive, the US Army has not yet authorized the use of the name GEN-IV for these components.
GEN-III OMNI-VII devices can differ from standard Generation 3 in two important ways. First, an automatic gated power supply system regulates the photocathode voltage, allowing the NVD to instantaneously adapt to changing light conditions.[15] The second, is a removed or greatly thinned ion barrier, which decreases the amount of electrons that are usually rejected by the Standard GEN III MCP, hence resulting in less image noise and the ability to operate with a luminous sensitivity at 2850K of only 700, compared to operating with a luminous sensitivity of at least 1800 for GEN III type image intensifiers.[16] The disadvantage to a thin or removed ion barrier is the overall decrease in tube life from a theoretical 20,000 hrs mean time to failure (MTTF) for Gen III type, to 15,000 hrs MTTF for GEN IV type. However, this is largely negated by the low numbers of image intensifier tubes that reach 15,000 hrs of operation before replacement.
It is important to note that while the consumer market classifies this type of system as "Generation 4", the United States military describes these systems as Generation 3 Autogated tubes (GEN-III OMNI-VII). Moreover, as autogating power supplies can now be added to any previous generation of nightvision, 'autogating' capability does not automatically class the devices as a GEN-III OMNI-VII, as seen with the XD-4. Another point to note is that any postnominals appearing after a Generation type (ie: Gen II +, Gen III +) does not change the generation type of the device, but instead indicates an advancement(s) over the original specification's requirements.[17]
Examples:
Though image intensification technology employed by different manufacturers varies, from the tactical point of view night vision system is an optical device that enables vision at low light. The US government itself has recognised the fact that technology itself makes little difference as long as an operator can see clearly at night. Consequently the United States base their export regulation not on the generations, but on calculated factor called Figure of Merit (FOM). The method of FOM calculation and its implications for export are briefly described in the publication of the National Defense University, USA in a document named “The NATO Response Force”[19] authored by Jeffrey P. Bialos, the Executive Director of the Transatlantic Security and Industry Program at the Johns Hopkins University and Stuart L. Koehl, a Fellow at the Center for Transatlantic Relations of the same university.
“... beginning in 2001, the U.S. implemented a new figure of merit (FOM) system for determining the release of night vision technology. FOM is an abstract measure of image tube performance, derived from the number of line pairs per millimeter multiplied by the tube's signal-to-noise ratio." US made tubes with a FOM greater than 1600 are not exportable outside the US.
Other technologies
The United States Air Force is experimenting with Panoramic Night Vision Goggles (PNVGs) which double the user's field of view to around 95 degrees by using four 16 mm image intensifiers tubes, rather than the more standard two 18 mm tubes. They are in service with A-10 Thunderbolt II, MC-130 Combat Talon and AC-130U Spooky aircrews.[20]
The PSQ-20, manufactured by ITT seeks to combine thermal imaging with image intensification, as does the Northrop Grumman Fused Multispectral Weapon Sight.[21][22]
Legality
Certain countries (e.g. Hungary and other European Union members) regulate possession and or use of night-vision devices. German law forbids such devices if their purpose is to be mounted on firearms.[23] Citizen's access to Gen 2 and up is outlawed by adopting International Traffic in Arms Regulations into national legislation.[citation needed] Generation 2 and higher devices are classified as military/law enforcement purpose and espionage tools.
New Zealand rescue helicopter services use several sets of 3rd-generation night vision goggles imported from the USA, and is required to restrict access to the equipment to comply with the strict regulations regarding their export.[24]
Most U.S. states have no such bans. In California it is a misdemeanor to possess a device "designed for or adaptable to use on a firearm which, through the use of a projected infrared light source and electronic telescope, enables the operator thereof to visually determine and locate the presence of objects during the nighttime." [25] There was an effort in 1995 [26] to further expand restrictions to forbid night vision devices that didn't incorporate a light source, but it did not become law.
US Patents
- US D248860 - Night vision Pocketscope
- US 4707595 - Invisible light beam projector and night vision system
- US 4991183 - Target illuminators and systems employing same
- US 6075644 - Panoramic night vision goggles
- US 6158879 - Infra-red reflector and illumination system
Manufacturers
- Aiptek Taiwan
- American Technologies Network Corporation USA
- ASELSAN Turkey
- BEL Optronic Devices Limited INDIA
- Bushnell Corporation USA
- EG&G USA
- Hensoldt Germany
- Iran Electronics Industries Iran [27]
- LOMO USSR / Russia
- ITT Corporation USA
- Kongsberg Gruppen Norway
- Raytheon USA
- SELEX Galileo Italy
- Swarovski Optik Austria
- Thales Group France
- TRANSVARO TURKEY
See also
References
- ^ a b Howstuffworks "Thermal Imaging"
- ^ Night Vision & Electronic Sensors Directorate - Fort Belvoir, VA
- ^ Achtung Panzer! - German Infrared Night-Vision Devices!
- ^ a b http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/images/night_vision.gif
- ^ a b c Night Vision Goggles (NVG)
- ^ Night Vision Equipment by ATN - FAQ
- ^ AN/PVS-4 Individual Weapon Night Sight
- ^ AN/PVS-5 Night Vision Goggles
- ^ http://www.ieimil.com/SimpleProducts/ViewSimpleProductsProductDetails.aspx?ProductID=81&CategoryID=9&Style=../css/style05.css
- ^ [1]
- ^ http://www.ieimil.com/SimpleProducts/ViewSimpleProductsProductDetails.aspx?ProductID=128&CategoryID=9&Style=../css/style05.css
- ^ http://www.photonis.com/nightvision/products/supergen/supergen_specifications
- ^ AN/PVS-7 Night Vision Goggle
- ^ AN/PVS-14, MONOCULAR NIGHT VISION DEVICE (MNVD)
- ^ \\Baksan\Shared Docs\For Candace\New Folder\LET.tif
- ^ www.nivitech.com / Nightvision Technology / Principles of Nightvision Devices
- ^ How night vision works - image intensifier technology by ATN
- ^ AN/PVS-22 Universal Night Sight
- ^ “The NATO Response Force”, by Jeffrey P. Bialos and Stuart L. Koehl
- ^ FOUR-EYES: Air Force Spec Ops Get Panoramic Night Vision
- ^ Defense Tech: Army Optic Combines Heat, Light for Better Sight
- ^ Northrop Grumman Delivers First Fused Multispectral Weapon Sight to U.S. Army
- ^ Section 19 5a of the German Bundesjagdgesetz (BJagdG) states: "It is forbidden to use artificial light sources, mirrors, devices to illuminate or light targets, or night vision devices with image converters or electronic amplification intended for guns." These aids are not banned for observation purposes but for catching or killing game.
- ^ Seeing in the Dark - Vector, magazine of the Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand, January/February 2008, Page 10-11
- ^ http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/waisgate?WAISdocID=24717320313+1+0+0&WAISaction=retrieve Penal Code section 468
- ^ http://info.sen.ca.gov/pub/95-96/bill/asm/ab_1051-1100/ab_1059_cfa_950417_155505_asm_comm.html AB 1059
- ^ http://www.ieimil.com/SimpleProducts/SimpleProductsContent.aspx?CategoryID=9&Style=../Css/Style05.css
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