Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Emil Adolf von Behring was the first person to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on the treatment of diphtheria.

Below is a list of the winners of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) from 1901 to the present.^[1]

The state of some countries changed from when a Nobel laureate lived in the country, became a laureate, and today. The flag that precedes the country of citizenship reflects the earlier of the following two situations: (1) the state of the country when the laureate emigrated or (2) the state of the country when he/she became a Nobel laureate. Some laureates obtained additional citizenships in their lifetime. For those with multiple citizenships, the year they obtained an additional citizenship, when known, precedes the country of citizenship. For laureates who obtained additional citizenships after winning the Nobel prize, the flag that precedes the country of citizenship reflects the earlier of the following two situations: (1) the state of the country at their death or (2) the current state of the country.

Year	Laureate, Country of Citizenship	Achievement
1901	Emil Adolf von Behring,  German Empire	"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"[2]
1902	Ronald Ross,  United Kingdom	"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"[3]
1903	Niels Ryberg Finsen,  Denmark	"in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"[4]
1904	Ivan Petrovich Pavlov,  Russian Empire	"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"[5]
1905	Robert Koch,  German Empire	"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"[6]
1906	Camillo Golgi,  Italy; Santiago Ramón y Cajal,  Spain	"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"[7]
1907	Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran,  France	"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"[8]
1908	Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov,  Russian Empire; Paul Ehrlich,  German Empire	"in recognition of their work on immunity"[9]
1909	Emil Theodor Kocher,  Switzerland	"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"[10]
1910	Albrecht Kossel,  German Empire	"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"[11]
1911	Allvar Gullstrand,  Sweden	"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"[12]
1912	Alexis Carrel,  France	"in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"[13]
1913	Charles Robert Richet,  France	"in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis"[14]
1914	Robert Bárány,  Austria	"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"[15]
1915	[No award]
1916	[No award]
1917	[No award]
1918	[No award]
1919	Jules Bordet,  Belgium	"for his discoveries relating to immunity"[16]
1920	Schack August Steenberg Krogh,  Denmark	"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism" (for showing that the gas exchange in the lungs is ordinary diffusion)[17]
1921	[No award]
1922*	Archibald Vivian Hill,  United Kingdom	"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"[18]
1922*	Otto Fritz Meyerhof,  German Empire	"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"[18]
1923	Frederick Grant Banting,  Canada; John James Richard Macleod,  United Kingdom	"for the discovery of insulin"[19]
1924	Willem Einthoven,  Netherlands	"for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"[20]
1925	[No award]
1926	Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger,  Denmark	"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"[21]
1927	Julius Wagner-Jauregg,  Austria	"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"[22]
1928	Charles Jules Henri Nicolle,  France	"for his work on typhus"[23]
1929*	Christiaan Eijkman,  Netherlands	"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"[24]
1929*	Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins,  United Kingdom	"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"[24]
1930	Karl Landsteiner,  Austria	"for his discovery of human blood groups"[25]
1931	Otto Heinrich Warburg,  German Empire	"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[26]
1932	Sir Charles Scott Sherrington,  United Kingdom; Edgar Douglas Adrian,  United Kingdom	"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"[27]
1933	Thomas Hunt Morgan,  United States	"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"[28]
1934	George Hoyt Whipple,  United States; George Richards Minot,  United States; William Parry Murphy,  United States	"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[29]
1935	Hans Spemann,  German Empire	"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[30]
1936	Sir Henry Hallett Dale,  United Kingdom; Otto Loewi,  German Empire, 1903:  Austria, 1946:  United States	"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[31]
1937	Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt,  Hungary	"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"[32]
1938	Corneille Jean François Heymans,  Belgium	"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"[33]
1939	Gerhard Domagk,  German Empire	"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"[34]
1940	[No award]
1941	[No award]
1942	[No award]
1943*	Carl Peter Henrik Dam,  Denmark; Edward Adelbert Doisy,  United States	"for his discovery of vitamin K"[35]
1943*	Edward Adelbert Doisy,  United States	"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"[35]
1944	Joseph Erlanger,  United States; Herbert Spencer Gasser,  United States	"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[36]
1945	Sir Alexander Fleming,  United Kingdom; Ernst Boris Chain,  German Empire,  United Kingdom; Sir Howard Walter Florey,  Australia,  United Kingdom	"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[37]
1946	Hermann Joseph Muller,  United States	"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"[38]
1947*	Carl Ferdinand Cori,  Austria-Hungary,  United States; Gerty Theresa Cori (née Radnitz),  Austria-Hungary,  United States	"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[39]
1947*	Bernardo Alberto Houssay,  Argentina	"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"[39]
1948	Paul Hermann Müller,  Switzerland	"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"[40]
1949*	Walter Rudolf Hess,  Switzerland	"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"[41]
1949*	Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz,  Portugal	"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses"[41]
1950	Edward Calvin Kendall,  United States; Tadeusz Reichstein,  Poland,  Switzerland; Philip Showalter Hench,  United States	"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[42]
1951	Max Theiler,  South Africa,  Switzerland	"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"[43]
1952	Selman Abraham Waksman,  Russian Empire, 1916:  United States	"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"[44]
1953*	Hans Adolf Krebs,  German Empire,  United Kingdom	"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[45]
1953*	Fritz Albert Lipmann,  German Empire,  United States	"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"[45]
1954	John Franklin Enders,  United States; Thomas Huckle Weller,  United States; Frederick Chapman Robbins,  United States	"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"[46]
1955	Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell,  Sweden	"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"[47]
1956	André Frédéric Cournand,  France, 1941:  United States; Werner Forssmann,  West Germany; Dickinson W. Richards,  United States	"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"[48]
1957	Daniel Bovet,  Switzerland,  Italy	"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"[49]
1958*	George Wells Beadle,  United States; Edward Lawrie Tatum,  United States	"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"[50]
1958*	Joshua Lederberg  United States	"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"[50]
1959	Severo Ochoa,  Spain,  United States; Arthur Kornberg,  United States	"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[51]
1960	Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet,  Australia,  United Kingdom; Peter Brian Medawar,  Brazil,  United Kingdom	"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"[52]
1961	Georg von Békésy,  Hungary	"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"[53]
1962	Francis Harry Compton Crick,  United Kingdom; James Dewey Watson,  United States Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins,  New Zealand,  United Kingdom	"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"[54]
1963	Sir John Carew Eccles,  Australia; Alan Lloyd Hodgkin,  United Kingdom; Andrew Fielding Huxley,  United Kingdom	"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"[55]
1964	Konrad Bloch,  German Empire,  United States; Feodor Lynen,  West Germany	"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"[56]
1965	François Jacob,  France; André Lwoff,  France; Jacques Monod,  France	"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"[57]
1966*	Peyton Rous,  United States	"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"[58]
1966*	Charles B. Huggins,  Canada,  United States	"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"[58]
1967	Ragnar Granit,  Finland, 1940:  Sweden; Haldan Keffer Hartline,  United States; George Wald,  United States	"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[59]
1968	Robert W. Holley,  United States; Har Gobind Khorana,  India, 1966:  United States; Marshall W. Nirenberg,  United States	"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"[60]
1969	Max Delbrück,  West Germany,  United States; Alfred Hershey,  United States; Salvador E. Luria,  Italy	"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[61]
1970	Sir Bernard Katz,  Germany, 1941:  United Kingdom; Ulf von Euler,  Sweden; Julius Axelrod,  United States	"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"[62]
1971	Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.,  United States	"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"[63]
1972	Gerald M. Edelman,  United States; Rodney R. Porter,  United Kingdom	"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[64]
1973	Karl von Frisch,  Austria; Konrad Lorenz,  Austria; Nikolaas Tinbergen,  Netherlands	"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"[65]
1974	Albert Claude,  Belgium; Christian de Duve,  Belgium; George E. Palade,  Romania, 1952:  United States	"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"[66]
1975	David Baltimore,  United States; Renato Dulbecco,  Italy,  United States; Howard Martin Temin,  United States	"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[67]
1976	Baruch S. Blumberg,  United States; D. Carleton Gajdusek,  United States	"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[68]
1977*	Roger Guillemin,  France, 1965:  United States; Andrew Wiktor Schally,  United States	"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"[69]
1977*