Columbia Encyclopedia:
Nobel Prizes
| Year | Peace | Chemistry | Physics | Physiology or Medicine | Literature |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 | J. H. Dunant Frédéric Passy | J. H. van't Hoff | W. C. Roentgen | E. A. von Behring | R. F. A. Sully-Prudhomme |
| 1902 | Élie Ducommun C. A. Gobat | Emil Fischer | H. A. Lorentz Pieter Zeeman | Sir Ronald Ross | Theodor Mommsen |
| 1903 | Sir William R. Cremer | S. A. Arrhenius | A. H. Becquerel Pierre Curie Marie S. Curie | N. R. Finsen | Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson |
| 1904 | Institute of International Law | Sir William Ramsay | J. W. S. Rayleigh | Ivan P. Pavlov | Frédéric Mistral José Echegaray |
| 1905 | Baroness Bertha von Suttner | Adolf von Baeyer | Philipp Lenard | Robert Koch | Henryk Sienkiewicz |
| 1906 | Theodore Roosevelt | Henri Moissan | Sir Joseph Thomson | Camillo Golgi S. Ramón y Cajal | Giosuè Carducci |
| 1907 | E. T. Moneta Louis Renault | Eduard Buchner | A. A. Michelson | C. I. A. Laveran | Rudyard Kipling |
| 1908 | K. P. Arnoldson Fredrik Bajer | Sir Ernest Rutherford | Gabriel Lippman | Paul Ehrlich Élie Metchnikoff | R. C. Eucken |
| 1909 | Auguste Beernaert P. H. B. Estournelles de Constant | Wilhelm Ostwald | Guglielmo Marconi K. F. Braun | Emil T. Kocher | Selma Lagerlöf |
| 1910 | International Peace Bureau | Otto Wallach | J. D. van der Waals | Albrecht Kossel | Paul Heyse |
| 1911 | T. M. C. Asser A. H. Fried | Marie S. Curie | Wilhelm Wien | Allvar Gullstrand | Maurice Maeterlinck |
| 1912 | Elihu Root | Victor Grignard Paul Sabatier | N. G. Dalen | Alexis Carrel | Gerhart Hauptmann |
| 1913 | Henri La Fontaine | Alfred Werner | Heike Kamerlingh Onnes | C. R. Richet | Sir Rabindranath Tagore |
| 1914 | T. W. Richards | Max von Laue | Robert Barany | ||
| 1915 | Richard Willstätter | Sir William H. Bragg Sir William L. Bragg | Romain Rolland | ||
| 1916 | Verner von Heidenstam | ||||
| 1917 | International Red Cross | C. G. Barkla | K. A. Gjellerup Henrik Pontoppidan | ||
| 1918 | Fritz Haber | Max Planck | |||
| 1919 | Woodrow Wilson | Johannes Stark | Jules Bordet | C. F. G. Spitteler | |
| 1920 | Léon Bourgeois | Walther Nernst | C. E. Guillaume | S. A. S. Krogh | Knut Hamsum |
| 1921 | Hjalmar Branting C. L. Lange | Frederick Soddy | Albert Einstein | Anatole France | |
| 1922 | Fridtjof Nansen | F. W. Aston | N. H. D. Bohr | A. V. Hill Otto Meyerhof | Jacinto Benavente y Martinez |
| 1923 | Fritz Pregl | Robert A. Millikan | Sir Frederick G. Banting J. J. R. Macleod | W. B. Yeats | |
| 1924 | K. M. G. Siegbahn | Willem Einthoven | W. S. Reymont | ||
| 1925 | Sir Austen Chamberlain Charles G. Dawes | Richard Zsigmondy | James Franck Gustav Hertz | G. B. Shaw | |
| 1926 | Aristide Briand Gustav Stresemann | Theodor Svedberg | J. B. Perrin | Johannes Fibiger | Grazia Deledda |
| 1927 | F. É. Buisson Ludwig Quidde | Heinrich Wieland | A. H. Compton C. T. R. Wilson | Julius Wagner-Jauregg | Henri Bergson |
| 1928 | Adolf Windaus | Sir Owen W. Richardson | C. J. H. Nicolle | Sigrid Undset | |
| 1929 | Frank B. Kellogg | Sir Arthur Harden Hans von Euler-Chelpin | L. V. de Broglie | Christian Eijkman Sir Frederick G. Hopkins | Thomas Mann |
| 1930 | Nathan Söderblom | Hans Fischer | Sir Chandrasekhara V. Raman | Karl Landsteiner | Sinclair Lewis |
| 1931 | Jane Addams Nicholas Murray Butler | Carl Bosch Friedrich Bergius | Otto H. Warburg | E. A. Karlfeldt | |
| 1932 | Irving Langmuir | Werner Heisenberg | E. D. Adrian Sir Charles Sherrington | John Galsworthy | |
| 1933 | Sir Norman Angell | P. A. M. Dirac Erwin Schrödinger | Thomas H. Morgan | I. A. Bunin | |
| 1934 | Arthur Henderson | Harold C. Urey | G. H. Whipple G. R. Minot W. P. Murphy | Luigi Pirandello | |
| 1935 | Carl von Ossietzky | Frédéric Joliot-Curie Irène Joliot-Curie | Sir James Chadwick | Hans Spemann | |
| 1936 | Carlos Saavedra Lamas | P. J. W. Debye | C. D. Anderson V. F. Hess | Sir Henry H. Dale Otto Loewi | Eugene O'Neill |
| 1937 | E. A. R. Cecil, Viscount Cecil of Chelwood | Sir Walter N. Haworth Paul Karrer | C. J. Davisson Sir George P. Thomson | Albert von Szent-Gyorgyi | Roger Martin du Gard |
| 1938 | Nansen International Office for Refugees | Richard Kuhn | Enrico Fermi | Corneille Heymans | Pearl S. Buck |
| 1939 | Adolf Butenandt Leopold Ruzicka | E. O. Lawrence | Gerhard Domagk | F. E. Sillanpää | |
| 1940 | |||||
| 1941 | |||||
| 1942 | |||||
| 1943 | Georg von Hevesy | Otto Stern | E. A. Doisy Henrik Dam | ||
| 1944 | International Red Cross | Otto Hahn | I. I. Rabi | Joseph Erlanger H. S. Gasser | J. V. Jensen |
| 1945 | Cordell Hull | A. I. Virtanen | Wolfgang Pauli | Sir Alexander Fleming E. B. Chain Sir Howard W. Florey | Gabriela Mistral |
| 1946 | J. R. Mott Emily G. Balch | J. B. Sumner J. H. Northrop W. M. Stanley | P. W. Bridgman | H. J. Muller | Hermann Hesse |
| 1947 | American Friends Service Committee and Friends Service Council | Sir Robert Robinson | Sir Edward V. Appleton | C. F. Cori Gerty T. Cori B. A. Houssay | André Gide |
| 1948 | Arne Tiselius | P. M. S. Blackett | Paul H. Müller | T. S. Eliot | |
| 1949 | John Boyd Orr, Baron Boyd Orr | W. F. Giauque | Hideki Yukawa | W. R. Hess Egas Moniz | William Faulkner |
| 1950 | Ralph J. Bunche | Otto Diels Kurt Alder | C. F. Powell | Philip S. Hench Edward C. Kendall Tadeus Reichstein | Bertrand Russel, Earl Russell |
| 1951 | Léon Jouhaux | Edwin M. McMillan Glenn T. Seaborg | Sir John D. Cockcroft Ernest T. S. Walton | Max Theiler | Pär F. Lagerkvist |
| 1952 | Albert Schweitzer | A. J. P. Martin R. L. M. Synge | Felix Bloch E. M. Purcell | S. A. Waksman | François Mauriac |
| 1953 | George C. Marshall | Hermann Staudinger | Frits Zernike | F. A. Lipmann Sir Hans A. Krebs | Sir Winston L. S. Churchill |
| 1954 | Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | Linus C. Pauling | Max Born Walther Bothe | J. F. Enders F. C. Robbins T. H. Weller | Ernest Hemingway |
| 1955 | Vincent du Vigneaud | Willis E. Lamb, Jr. Polykarp Kusch | A. H. T. Theorell | Halldór K. Laxness | |
| 1956 | Sir Cyril N. Hinshelwood Nikolai N. Semenov | W. B. Shockley W. H. Brattain John Bardeen | D. W. Richards, Jr. A. F. Cournand Werner Forssmann | Juan Ramón Jiménez | |
| 1957 | Lester B. Pearson | Sir Alexander R. Todd | Tsung-Dao Lee Chen Ning Yang | Daniele Bovet | Albert Camus |
| 1958 | Georges Henri Pire | Frederick Sanger | P. A. Cherenkov Igor Y. Tamm Ilya M. Frank | Joshua Lederberg G. W. Beadle E. I. Tatum | Boris L. Pasternak |
| 1959 | Philip J. Noel-Baker | Jaroslav Heyrovsky | Emilio Segrè Owen Chamberlain | Severo Ochoa Arthur Kornberg | Salvatore Quasimodo |
| 1960 | Albert J. Luthuli | W. F. Libby | D. A. Glaser | Sir Macfarlane Burnet P. B. Medawar | St.-John Perse |
| 1961 | Dag Hammarskjöld | Melvin Calvin | Robert Hofstadter R. L. Moessbauer | Georg von Bekesy | Ivo Andrić |
| 1962 | Linus C. Pauling | M. F. Perutz J. C. Kendrew | L. D. Landau | J. D. Watson F. H. C. Crick M. H. F. Wilkins | John Steinbeck |
| 1963 | International Committee of the Red Cross League of Red Cross Societies | Giulio Natta Karl Ziegler | Eugene Paul Wigner Maria Goeppert Mayer J. Hans D. Jensen | Sir John Carew Eccles Alan Lloyd Hodgkin Andrew Fielding Huxley | George Seferis |
| 1964 | Martin Luther King, Jr. | Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin | Charles Hard Townes Nikolai Gennadiyevich Basov Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov | Konrad E. Bloch Feodor Lynen | Jean-Paul Sartre |
| 1965 | United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund | Robert Burns Woodward | Richard Phillips Feynman Shinichiro Tomonaga Julian Seymour Schwinger | François Jacob André Lwoff Jacques Monod | M. A. Sholokhov |
| 1966 | Robert S. Mulliken | Alfred Kastler | Francis Peyton Rous Charles Brenton Huggins | S. Y. Agnon Nelly Sachs | |
| 1967 | Manfred Eigen Ronald George Wreyford Norrish George Porter | Hans Albrecht Bethe | Ragnar Granit Haldan Keffer Hartline George Wald | Miguel Angel Asturias | |
| 1968 | René Cassin | Lars Onsager | Luis W. Alvarez | Robert W. Holley H. Gobind Khorana Marshall W. Nirenberg | Yasunari Kawabata |
| 1969 | International Labor Organization | Derek H. R. Barton Odd Hassel | Murray Gell-Mann | Max Delbrück Alfred D. Hershey Salvador B. Luria | Samuel Beckett |
| 1970 | Norman E. Borlaug | Luis Federico Leloir | Louis Eugène Néel Hans Olof Alfven | Julius Axelrod Bernard Katz Ulf von Euler | Alexandr I. Solzhenitsyn |
| 1971 | Willy Brandt | Gerhard Herzberg | Dennis Gabor | Earl W. Sutherland | Pablo Neruda |
| 1972 | Stanford Moore William Howard Stein Christian B. Anfinsen | John Bardeen Leon N. Cooper John Robert Schrieffer | Gerald M. Edelman Rodney R. Porter | Heinrich Böll | |
| 1973 | Henry A. Kissinger Le Duc Tho | Ernst Otto Fischer Geoffrey Wilkinson | Leo Esaki Ivar Giaever Brian D. Josephson | Konrad Lorenz Nikolaas Tinbergen Karl von Frisch | Patrick White |
| 1974 | Sean MacBride Eisaku Sato | Paul J. Flory | Martin Ryle Antony Hewish | Albert Claude George Emil Palade Christian de Duve | Eyvind Johnson Harry Martinson |
| 1975 | Andrei D. Sakharov | John Warcup Cornforth Vladimir Prelog | Aage N. Bohr Ben Roy Mottelson James Rainwater | David Baltimore Renato Dulbecco Howard M. Temin | Eugenio Montale |
| 1976 | Mairead Corrigan Betty Williams | WIlliam Nunn Lipscomb | Burton Richter Samuel Chao Chung Ting | Baruch Samuel Blumberg Daniel Carleton Gajdusek | Saul Bellow |
| 1977 | Amnesty International | Ilya Prigogine | Philip W. Anderson Sir Nevill F. Mott John H. Van Vleck | Rosalyn S. Yalow Roger C. L. Guillemin Andrew V. Schally | Vicente Aleixandre |
| 1978 | Menachem Begin Anwar al-Sadat | Peter Mitchell | Peter Kapitza Arno A. Penzias Robert W. Wilson | Werner Arber Daniel Nathans Hamilton O. Smith | Isaac Bashevis Singer |
| 1979 | Mother Teresa | Herbert C. Brown Georg Wittig | Steven Weinberg Sheldon L. Glashow Abdus Salam | Allan Macleod Cormack Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield | Odysseus Elytis |
| 1980 | Adolfo Pérez Esquivel | Paul Berg Walter Gilbert Frederick Sanger | James W. Cronin Val L. Fitch | Baruj Benacerraf George D. Snell Jean Dausset | Czesław Miłosz |
| 1981 | Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | Kenichi Fukui Roald Hoffmann | Nicolaas Bloembergen Arthur Schawlow Kai M. Siegbahn | Roger W. Sperry David H. Hubel Torsten N. Wiesel | Elias Canetti |
| 1982 | Alfonso García Robles Alva Myrdal | Aaron Klug | Kenneth G. Wilson | Sune K. Bergström Bengt I. Samuelsson John R. Vane | Gabriel García Márquez |
| 1983 | Lech Wałęsa | Henry Taube | Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar William A. Fowler | Barbara McClintock | William Golding |
| 1984 | Desmond Tutu | R. Bruce Merrifield | Carlo Rubbia Simon van der Meer | Cesar Milstein George J. F. Köhler Niels K. Jerne | Jaroslav Seifert |
| 1985 | International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War | Herbert A. Hauptman Jerome Karle | Klaus von Klitzing | Michael S. Brown Joseph L. Goldstein | Claude Simon |
| 1986 | Elie Wiesel | Dudley R. Herschbach Yuan T. Lee John C. Polanyi | Ernst Ruska Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer | Rita Levi-Montalcini Stanley Cohen | Wole Soyinka |
| 1987 | Oscar Arias Sánchez | Donald J. Cram Charles J. Pedersen Jean-Marie Lehn | K. Alex Müller J. Georg Bednorz | Susumu Tonegawa | Joseph Brodsky |
| 1988 | United Nations Peacekeeping Forces | Johann Deisenhofer Robert Huber Hartmut Michel | Leon M. Lederman Melvin Schwartz Jack Steinberger | Gertrude B. Elion George H. Hitchings Sir James Black | Naguib Mahfouz |
| 1989 | Dalai Lama | Thomas R. Cech Sidney Altman | Norman F. Ramsey Hans G. Dehmelt Wolfgang Paul | J. Michael Bishop Harold E. Varmus | Camilo José Cela |
| 1990 | Mikhail S. Gorbachev | Elias James Corey | Richard E. Taylor Jerome I. Friedman Henry W. Kendall | Joseph E. Murray E. Donnall Thomas | Octavio Paz |
| 1991 | Aung San Suu Kyi | Richard R. Ernst | Pierre-Gilles de Gennes | Edwin Neher Bert Sakmann | Nadine Gordimer |
| 1992 | Rigoberta Menchú | Rudolph A. Marcus | Georges Charpak | Edmond H. Fischer Edwin G. Krebs | Derek Walcott |
| 1993 | F. W. de Klerk Nelson Mandela | Kary B. Mullis Michael Smith | Russell A. Hulse Joseph H. Taylor, Jr. | Richard J. Roberts Phillip A. Sharp | Toni Morrison |
| 1994 | Yasir Arafat Shimon Peres Yitzhak Rabin | George A. Olah | Clifford G. Shull Bertram N. Brockhouse | Alfred G. Gilman Martin Rodbell | Kenzaburo Oe |
| 1995 | Joseph Rotblat Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs | Paul Crutzen F. Sherwood Rowland Mario Molina | Martin L. Perl Frederick Reines | Edward B. Lewis Eric F. Wieschaus Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard | Seamus Heaney |
| 1996 | Carlos Belo José Ramos-Horta | Richard E. Smalley Robert F. Curl, Jr. Sir Harold W. Kroto | David M. Lee Robert C. Richardson Douglas D. Osheroff | Peter C. Doherty Rolf M. Zinkernagel | Wisława Szymborska |
| 1997 | International Campaign to Ban Landmines Jody Williams | Paul D. Boyer Jens C. Skou John E. Walker | Steven Chu William D. Phillips Claude Cohen-Tannoudji | Stanley B. Prusiner | Dario Fo |
| 1998 | John Hume David Trimble | Walter Kohn John A. Pople | Robert B. Laughlin Horst L. Störmer Daniel C. Tsui | Robert F. Furchgott Louis J. Ignarro Ferid Murad | José Saramago |
| 1999 | Doctors Without Borders | Ahmed H. Zewail | Martinus J. G. Veltman Gerardus 't Hooft | Günter Blobel | Günter Grass |
| 2000 | Kim Dae Jung | Alan J. Heeger Alan G. MacDiarmid Hideki Shirakawa | Zhores I. Alferov Herbert Kroemer Jack S. Kilby | Arvid Carlsson Paul Greengard Eric Kandel | Gao Xingjian |
| 2001 | United Nations Kofi Annan | William S. Knowles Ryoji Noyori K. Barry Sharpless | Eric A. Cornell Wolfgang Ketterle Carl E. Wieman | Leland H. Hartwell R. Timothy Hunt Sir Paul M. Nurse | V. S. Naipaul |
| 2002 | Jimmy Carter | John B. Fenn Koichi Tanaka Kurt Wüthrich | Raymond Davis, Jr. Masatoshi Koshiba Riccardo Giacconi | Sydney Brenner H. Robert Horvitz John E. Sulston | Imre Kertész |
| 2003 | Shirin Ebadi | Peter C. Agre Roderick MacKinnon | Alexei A. Abrikosov Vitaly L. Ginzburg Anthony J. Leggett | Paul C. Lauterbur Sir Peter Mansfield | J. M. Coetzee |
| 2004 | Wangari Maathai | Aaron Ciechanover Avram Hershko Irwin Rose | David J. Gross H. David Politzer Frank Wilczek | Richard Axel Linda B. Buck | Elfriede Jelinek |
| 2005 | International Atomic Energy Agency Mohamed ElBaradei | Yves Chauvin Robert H. Grubbs Richard R. Schrock | Roy J. Glauber John L. Hall Theodor W. Hänsch | Barry J. Marshall J. Robin Warren | Harold Pinter |
| 2006 | Muhammad Yunus Grameen Bank | Roger Kornberg | John C. Mather George F. Smoot | Andrew Z. Fire Craig C. Mello | Orhan Pamuk |
| 2007 | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Albert Arnold Gore, Jr. | Gerhard Ertl | Albert Fert Peter Grünberg | Mario R. Capecchi Sir Martin J. Evans Oliver Smithies | Doris Lessing |
