nocturne

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A nocturne (from the French which meant nocturnal, from Latin nocturnus^[1]) is usually a musical composition that is inspired by, or evocative of, the night. Historically, nocturne is a very old term applied to night Offices and, since the Middle Ages, to divisions in the canonical hour of Matins.

The name nocturne was first applied to pieces in the 18th century, when it indicated an ensemble piece in several movements, normally played for an evening party and then laid aside. Sometimes it carried the Italian equivalent, notturno, such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's quadraphonic Notturno in D, K.286, written for four lightly echoing separated ensembles of paired horns with strings, and his Serenata Notturna, K. 239. At this time, the piece was not necessarily evocative of the night, but might merely be intended for performance at night, much like a serenade.

In its more familiar form as a single-movement character piece usually written for solo piano, the nocturne was cultivated primarily in the 19th century. The first nocturnes to be written under the specific title were by the Irish composer John Field, generally viewed as the father of the Romantic nocturne that characteristically features a cantabile melody over an arpeggiated, even guitar-like accompaniment. However, the most famous exponent of the form was Frédéric Chopin, who wrote 21 of them. One of the most famous pieces of 19th-century salon music was the "Fifth Nocturne" of Ignace Leybach, who is now otherwise mostly forgotten. Later composers to write nocturnes for the piano include Gabriel Fauré, Alexander Scriabin, Erik Satie (1919), Francis Poulenc (1929), as well as Peter Sculthorpe. In the movement entitled 'The Night's Music' ^[2] ('Musiques nocturnes' in French) of Out of Doors for solo piano (1926), Béla Bartók imitated the sounds of nature. It contains quiet, eerie, blurred cluster-chords and imitations of the twittering of birds and croaking of nocturnal creatures, with lonely melodies in contrasting sections. American composer Lowell Liebermann has written eleven Nocturnes for piano. Other notable nocturnes from the 20th century include those from Michael Glenn Williams, Samuel Barber and Robert Helps.

Other examples of nocturnes include the one for orchestra from Felix Mendelssohn's incidental music for A Midsummer Night's Dream (1848), the set of three for orchestra and female choir by Claude Debussy (who also wrote one for solo piano) and the first movement of the Violin Concerto No. 1 (1948) by Dmitri Shostakovich. French composer Erik Satie composed a series of five small nocturnes. These were however, far different from those of Field and Chopin. In 1958, Benjamin Britten wrote a Nocturne for tenor, seven obbligato instruments and strings.

Nocturnes are generally thought of as being tranquil, often expressive and lyrical, and sometimes rather gloomy, but in practice pieces with the name nocturne have conveyed a variety of moods: the second of Debussy's orchestral Nocturnes, "Fêtes", for example, is very lively.

The word was later used by James Abbott McNeill Whistler in the title of a number of his paintings, consistent with his theory that fine art should essentially be concerned with the beautiful arrangement of colors in harmony. Debussy's nocturnes were inspired by Whistler's paintings.^[3]

Principal composers of nocturnes

• John Field: 18 for solo piano
• Frédéric Chopin: 21 for solo piano - Nocturnes (Chopin)
• Robert Schumann: 4 Nachtstücke
• Franz Liszt: 1 for solo piano entitled En reve ("In a dream" or "While dreaming")
• Ignace Leybach: now known only for his "Fifth Nocturne"
• Gabriel Fauré: 13 for solo piano
• Claude Debussy: 3 for orchestra and choir, one for solo piano
• Erik Satie: 5 for solo piano (1919)
• Francis Poulenc: 8 for solo piano (1929)
• Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji: over 30 nocturnes for solo piano^[4]
• Carl Czerny: 17 for solo piano
• Lowell Liebermann: 11 for solo piano

See also

• Nocturne: Blue and Gold – Old Battersea Bridge by Whistler (painted c.1872–5)
• Nocturnes (Chopin)
• "Nocturne of Shadow", a song from the video game The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time
• Nocturne, a 1983 live album by Siouxsie and the Banshees
• "Nocturne" and "Nocturne -revision", songs by singer Nana Mizuki

References

• Wignall, Harrison James, "Mozart and the 'Duetto Notturno' Tradition", Mozart-Jahrbuch, 1993.
• Wignall, Harrison James, "Duetto notturno", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, (ed. Sadie), London, MacMillan, 2000.
• Mozart's Notturno in D, K.286: Chicago Symphony Orchestra program notes