(1894–1964; b. Columbia, Missouri; d. Stockholm, Sweden) American mathematician. The son of Russian immigrants, Wiener was a child prodigy, obtaining his PhD (in mathematical logic) from Harvard U at the age of eighteen. He developed the mathematics of a Wiener process, which is fundamental to an understanding of Brownian motion. His interests were wide-ranging: he became well known to the general scientific public for his philosophical discussion of cybernetics (a term he coined in 1945). Amongst his sayings is 'A professor is one who can speak on any subject — for precisely fifty minutes', though some might disagree with this observation! A lunar crater is named after him.
Norbert Wiener
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Norbert Wiener. (credit: Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.)
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| Scientist: Norbert Wiener |
American mathematician (1894–1964)
Born in Columbia, Missouri, Wiener was a child prodigy in mathematics who sustained his early promise to become a mathematician of great originality and creativity. He is probably one of the most outstanding mathematicians to have been born in the United States. Such was Wiener's precocity that he took his degree in mathematics, from Tufts University, at the age of 14 in 1909.
Throughout his life Wiener had many extramathematical interests, especially in biology and philosophy. At Harvard his studies in philosophy led him to an interest in mathematical logic and this was the subject of his doctoral thesis, which he completed at the age of 18. Wiener went from Harvard to Europe to pursue his interest in mathematical logic with Bertrand Russell in Cambridge and with David Hilbert in Göttingen. After he returned from Europe, Wiener's mathematical interests broadened but, surprisingly, he was unable to get a suitable post as a professional mathematician and for a time tried such unlikely occupations as journalism and even writing entries for an encyclopedia. In 1919 Wiener finally obtained a post in the mathematics department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he remained for the rest of his career.
After his arrival at MIT Wiener began his extremely important work on the theory of stochastic (random) processes and Brownian motion. Among his other very wide mathematical interests at this time was the generalization of Fourier's work on resolving functions into series of periodic functions (this is known as harmonic analysis). He also worked on the theory of Fourier transforms. During World War II Wiener devoted his mathematical talents to working for the military – in particular to the problem of giving a mathematical solution to the problem of aiming a gun at a moving target. In the course of this work Wiener discovered the theory of the prediction of stationary time series and brought essentially statistical methods to bear on the mathematical analysis of control and communication engineering.
From here it was a short step to his important work in the mathematical analysis of mechanical and biological systems, their information flow, and the analogies between them – the subject he named ‘cybernetics’. It allowed full rein to his wide interests in the sciences and philosophy and Wiener spent much time popularizing the subject and explaining its possible social and philosophical applications. Wiener also worked on a wide range of other mathematical topics, particularly important being his work on quantum mechanics.
| Biography: Norbert Wiener |
The American mathematician Norbert Wiener (1894-1964) studied computing and control devices. Out of these studies he created the science of cybernetics.
Norbert Wiener was born on Nov. 26, 1894, at Cambridge, Mass. His father, Leo Wiener, professor of Slavonic languages and literature at Harvard University, determined to train the boy actively and single-mindedly as a scholar. Norbert was driven hard on the way to becoming a prodigy; fortunately he had the intellect and energy to emerge without undue suffering. He graduated with a bachelor's degree from Tufts College at the age of 14 and obtained his doctorate at Harvard four years later.
Wiener was awarded a traveling fellowship which he spent at the two centers where learning, especially in the mathematical and physical sciences, was perhaps the most significant and the most exciting in Europe: the University of Cambridge, England, and the University of Göttingen, Germany. After a varied career during World War I, he joined the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1919 as an instructor in the department of mathematics, and he remained on its staff for the whole of his career. There he was introduced to the work of the chemist Josiah Willard Gibbs, whose research on statistical mechanics, published in 1902, was a decisive influence in the development of Wiener's intellectual career.
Wiener had been instructed in the Lebesgue integral by G. H. Hardy at Cambridge, and with this grounding and his recognition of the importance of Gibbs's writings, he attacked the problem of the Brownian motion and produced one of his first major contributions to research. About the same time he began work on harmonic analysis. He brought to bear on this problem the method of Tauberian theorems and by this means refined his theory of harmonic analysis and also produced simple proofs of the prime-number theorem. He also worked on Fourier transforms and wrote Fourier Transforms in a Complex Domain.
At the same time that he pursued these studies into the field of quasi-analytic functions, Wiener was developing his interest in electrical circuits. The knowledge he gained on the problems of feedback control was of use when he became engaged in World War II on fire-control apparatus for antiaircraft guns. His interest in the parallels between feedback control in circuits and mental processes led to the creation of a new discipline which he called cybernetics, the study of control, communication, and organization. In Cybernetics (1948), his most influential work outside the field of pure mathematics, he propounded a new approach to the study of man in his technological environment, a science of man as component of an age of automation. On March 18, 1964, Wiener died in Stockholm.
Further Reading
The best sources of biographical material are Wiener's two volumes of memoirs, Ex Prodigy: My Childhood and Youth (1953) and I Am a Mathematician: The Later Life of a Prodigy (1956). See also Mitchell Wilson, American Science and Invention (1954).
| Columbia Encyclopedia: Norbert Wiener |
Wiener, Norbert, 1894-1964, American mathematician, educator, and founder of the field of cybernetics, b. Columbia, Mo., grad. Tufts College, 1909, Ph.D. Harvard, 1913. In 1920 he joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he became (1932) professor of mathematics. He made significant contributions to a number of areas of mathematics including harmonic analysis and Fourier transforms, but is best known for his theory of cybernetics, the comparative study of control and communication in humans and machines. He also made significant contributions to the development of computers and calculators. Wiener recounted his youth and training in the autobiographical Ex-Prodigy (1953). He described his mature years and scientific career in I Am a Mathematician (1956). His other writings include The Human Use of Human Beings (1950), Nonlinear Problems in Random Theory (1958), and Cybernetics (1948, rev. ed. 1961).
Bibliography
See F. Conway and J. Siegelman, Dark Hero of the Information Age (2004).
| Works: Works by Norbert Wiener |
| World of the Mind: Norbert Wiener |
(1894–1964). American mathematician of international stature, born at Cambridge, Massachusetts. He joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology at the age of 25, and worked extensively on problems in the mathematics of electrical engineering, and especially on non-linear systems. Much of this work was later published in Nonlinear Problems in Random Theory (1958). His exceptional talents as a mathematician were evident very early; he graduated from Tufts University at the age of 14 and won his doctorate from Harvard at 18. His range of activities included work on assemblages, functions of a real variable, mathematical logic, relativity, quantum theory, and the Fourier integral and many of its applications. Late in the 1930s he became increasingly interested in biological and social problems, and formed a group with Arturo Rosenblueth, who was then at the Harvard Medical School. The group included philosophers, anthropologists, sociologists, psychologists, physiologists, mathematicians, and electrical engineers. Their meetings were concerned with scientific method and the unification of science; they continued until 1944, when Rosenblueth went to Mexico, and from them came the concept of cybernetics. This dates from 1942 but was not named 'cybernetics' until 1947. It was defined generally as 'the science of control and communication in the animal and the machine', but the clear idea was that 'animal' included the human being.
The idea of cybernetics arose not only from the integration of science to include all aspects of scientific activities; it was inspired also by the development of the computer which was taking place at the same time under the influence ofVon Neumann , Turing, and others. It was affected too by the development of information theory, work on which had emanated from the Bell Telephone Company under the influence of C. E. Shannon and W. Weaver. This work described the principles involved in communication between any 'source' and 'sink'. Meaning was irrelevant to the measurement of information encoded, transmitted, and decoded, in a generally noisy channel. Channel capacity and optimum coding procedures were all considered, and the whole development was incorporated into the cybernetic mode of thought.
Wiener himself made use of time series and other statistical techniques, also involving Gibbsian theory. Information and its processing, in all its aspects, was seen to apply to a wide range of phenomena both organic and inorganic, including human speech, genetics, the nervous system, and the muscular system. Philosophical issues were involved in cybernetics, since vitalism was brought into the cybernetic view and its world was thought of as one of Bergsonian time rather than Newtonian. Mathematically, Wiener brought group theory and statistical mechanics into the picture and made it a part of the bulwark of what was primarily an attempt to show that man was a complex 'machine'. The language of the computer (originally binary code) was likened to the language of the nervous system and gave rise to the development of automata known as logical nets. This was carried out by two other members of the cybernetic group, Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts.
Yet another component of the cybernetic viewpoint was that of servo-systems. It was recognized that feedback was essential to learning, and that the sort of adaptive control typified by a thermostat must operate in all animals, and especially human beings. It was recognized too that there were higher-level feedbacks which, as it were, adjusted the thermostat settings. The idea of man being a 'machine' had existed for years before Wiener's cybernetics. Democritus in early Greek times, Diderot, Helvétius, La Mettrie, and many others, including Mark Twain, had thought the same, but Wiener was the first person to give genuine evidence to support such a view. He saw human beings as encompassed by the same basic principles as other animals, and this included self-organization and self-reproduction.
Wiener also wrote a number of articles, with Rosenblueth and Julian Bigelow, on the philosophical aspects of cybernetics. The most controversial of these dealt with teleology as purposiveness, and attempts to justify a relatively simple feedback control system as necessary to scientific explanation. That teleological explanation is now widely accepted, as part of scientific explanation, is due mainly to him, even if the precise detail of such a form of explanation is still controversial and goes beyond what he originally envisaged. There are now new subdivisions of cybernetics in which automata theory is more developed mathematically, though the close association with philosophy is maintained. The central core of Wiener's cybernetics has been developed under the label 'artificial intelligence'. This has taken over the concept of 'man as a machine' and, with it, extensive theories of sensation, perception, learning, thinking, problem solving, and language have been built up, all in mathematical and 'machine-like' terms. Wiener's most famous book, Cybernetics (1947; rev. edn. 1961), started a scientific revolution which has, as he would have wished, evolved and grown, and yet retains the central idea that human beings, however highly complex and sophisticated they might be, are 'machines' in that they can, in principle, be built in the laboratory.
(Published 1987)
The idea of cybernetics arose not only from the integration of science to include all aspects of scientific activities; it was inspired also by the development of the computer which was taking place at the same time under the influence of
Wiener himself made use of time series and other statistical techniques, also involving Gibbsian theory. Information and its processing, in all its aspects, was seen to apply to a wide range of phenomena both organic and inorganic, including human speech, genetics, the nervous system, and the muscular system. Philosophical issues were involved in cybernetics, since vitalism was brought into the cybernetic view and its world was thought of as one of Bergsonian time rather than Newtonian. Mathematically, Wiener brought group theory and statistical mechanics into the picture and made it a part of the bulwark of what was primarily an attempt to show that man was a complex 'machine'. The language of the computer (originally binary code) was likened to the language of the nervous system and gave rise to the development of automata known as logical nets. This was carried out by two other members of the cybernetic group, Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts.
Yet another component of the cybernetic viewpoint was that of servo-systems. It was recognized that feedback was essential to learning, and that the sort of adaptive control typified by a thermostat must operate in all animals, and especially human beings. It was recognized too that there were higher-level feedbacks which, as it were, adjusted the thermostat settings. The idea of man being a 'machine' had existed for years before Wiener's cybernetics. Democritus in early Greek times, Diderot, Helvétius, La Mettrie, and many others, including Mark Twain, had thought the same, but Wiener was the first person to give genuine evidence to support such a view. He saw human beings as encompassed by the same basic principles as other animals, and this included self-organization and self-reproduction.
Wiener also wrote a number of articles, with Rosenblueth and Julian Bigelow, on the philosophical aspects of cybernetics. The most controversial of these dealt with teleology as purposiveness, and attempts to justify a relatively simple feedback control system as necessary to scientific explanation. That teleological explanation is now widely accepted, as part of scientific explanation, is due mainly to him, even if the precise detail of such a form of explanation is still controversial and goes beyond what he originally envisaged. There are now new subdivisions of cybernetics in which automata theory is more developed mathematically, though the close association with philosophy is maintained. The central core of Wiener's cybernetics has been developed under the label 'artificial intelligence'. This has taken over the concept of 'man as a machine' and, with it, extensive theories of sensation, perception, learning, thinking, problem solving, and language have been built up, all in mathematical and 'machine-like' terms. Wiener's most famous book, Cybernetics (1947; rev. edn. 1961), started a scientific revolution which has, as he would have wished, evolved and grown, and yet retains the central idea that human beings, however highly complex and sophisticated they might be, are 'machines' in that they can, in principle, be built in the laboratory.
(Published 1987)
See also
— Frank George
| Quotes By: Norbert Wiener |
Quotes:
"The idea that information can be stored in a changing world without an overwhelming depreciation of its value is false. It is scarcely less false than the more plausible claim that after a war we may take our existing weapons, fill their barrels with information."
| Wikipedia: Norbert Wiener |
| Norbert Wiener | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born | November 26, 1894 Columbia, Missouri, U.S. |
| Died | March 18, 1964 (aged 69) Stockholm, Sweden |
| Nationality | American |
| Fields | Mathematics Cybernetics |
| Institutions | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| Alma mater | Tufts College BA 1909 Harvard University PhD 1912 |
| Doctoral advisor | Karl Schmidt Josiah Royce |
| Doctoral students | Amar Bose Shikao Ikehara Norman Levinson |
Norbert Wiener (November 26, 1894, Columbia, Missouri – March 18, 1964, Stockholm, Sweden) was an American pure and applied mathematician.
A famous child prodigy, Wiener went on to become a pioneer in the study of stochastic and noise processes, contributing work relevant to electronic engineering, electronic communication, and control systems.
Wiener is the founder of cybernetics, a field that formalizes the notion of feedback, with many implications for engineering, systems control, computer science, biology, philosophy, and the organization of society.
Contents |
Biography
Youth
Wiener was the first child of Leo Wiener, a Polish-Jewish immigrant, and Bertha Kahn, of German-Jewish descent. Employing teaching methods of his own invention, Leo educated Norbert at home until 1903, except for a brief interlude when Norbert was 7 years of age. Thanks to his father's tutelage, Wiener became a child prodigy. Earning his living teaching German and Slavic languages, Leo read widely and accumulated a personal library from which the young Norbert benefited greatly. Leo also had ample ability in mathematics, and tutored his son in the subject until he left home.
After graduating from Ayer High School in 1906 at 11 years of age, Wiener entered Tufts College. He was awarded a BA in mathematics in 1909 at the age of 14, whereupon he began graduate studies in zoology at Harvard. In 1910 he transferred to Cornell to study philosophy.
Harvard
The next year he returned to Harvard, while still continuing his philosophical studies. Back at Harvard, Wiener came under the influence of Edward Vermilye Huntington, whose mathematical interests ranged from axiomatic foundations to problems posed by engineering. Harvard awarded Wiener a Ph.D. in 1912, when he was a mere 18, for a dissertation on mathematical logic, supervised by Karl Schmidt, the essential results of which were published as Wiener (1914). In that dissertation, he was the first to see that the ordered pair can be defined in terms of elementary set theory. Hence relations can be wholly grounded in set theory, so that the theory of relations does not require any axioms or primitive notions distinct from those of set theory. In 1921, Kazimierz Kuratowski proposed a simplification of Wiener's definition of the ordered pair, and that simplification has been in common use ever since.
In 1914, Wiener traveled to Europe, to study under Bertrand Russell and G. H. Hardy at Cambridge University, and under David Hilbert and Edmund Landau at the University of Göttingen. In 1915-16, he taught philosophy at Harvard, then worked for General Electric and wrote for the Encyclopedia Americana. When World War I broke out, Oswald Veblen invited him to work on ballistics at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland. Thus Wiener, an eventual pacifist, wore a uniform 1917-18. Living and working with other mathematicians strengthened and deepened his interest in mathematics.
After the war
After the war, Wiener was unable to secure a position at Harvard because he was Jewish[citation needed] (despite his father's being the first tenured Jew at Harvard) and was rejected for a position at the University of Melbourne. At W. F. Osgood's invitation, Wiener became an instructor in mathematics at MIT, where he spent the remainder of his career, rising to Professor.
In 1926, Wiener returned to Europe as a Guggenheim scholar. He spent most of his time at Göttingen and with Hardy at Cambridge, working on Brownian motion, the Fourier integral, Dirichlet's problem, harmonic analysis, and the Tauberian theorems.
In 1926, Wiener's parents arranged his marriage to a German immigrant, Margaret Engemann, who was not Jewish; they had two daughters.
During and after World War II
During World War II, his work on the automatic aiming and firing of anti-aircraft guns led Wiener to communication theory and eventually to formulate cybernetics. After the war, his prominence helped MIT to recruit a research team in cognitive science, made up of researchers in neuropsychology and the mathematics and biophysics of the nervous system, including Warren Sturgis McCulloch and Walter Pitts. These men went on to make pioneering contributions to computer science and artificial intelligence. Shortly after the group was formed, Wiener broke off all contact with its members. Speculation still flourishes as to why this split occurred.
Wiener went on to break new ground in cybernetics, robotics, computer control, and automation. He shared his theories and findings with other researchers, and credited the contributions of others. These included Soviet researchers and their findings. Wiener's connections with them placed him under suspicion during the Cold War. He was a strong advocate of automation to improve the standard of living, and to overcome economic underdevelopment. His ideas became influential in India, whose government he advised during the 1950s.
Wiener declined an invitation to join the Manhattan Project. After the war, he became increasingly concerned with what he saw as political interference in scientific research, and the militarization of science. His article "A Scientist Rebels" in the January 1947 issue of The Atlantic Monthly urged scientists to consider the ethical implications of their work. After the war, he refused to accept any government funding or to work on military projects. The way Wiener's stance towards nuclear weapons and the Cold War contrasted with that of John von Neumann is the central theme of Heims (1980).
Awards and honors
- Wiener won the Bôcher Prize in 1933 and the National Medal of Science in 1963 (Presented by President Johnson at a White House Ceremony in January 1964.), shortly before his death.
- The Norbert Wiener Prize in Applied Mathematics was endowed in 1967 in honor of Norbert Wiener by MIT's mathematics department and is provided jointly by the American Mathematical Society and Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
- The Norbert Wiener Award for Social and Professional Responsibility awarded annually by CPSR, was established in 1987 in honor of Wiener to recognize contributions by computer professionals to socially responsible use of computers.
- The crater Wiener on the far side of the Moon is named after him.
- The Wiener sausage (in mathematics) was named for him.
- The Norbert Wiener Center for Harmonic Analysis and Applications, at the University of Maryland, College Park, is named in his honor.[1]
Work
Information is information not matter or energy—Norbert Wiener, Cybernetics (1948, p. 155)
Wiener was as a pioneer in the study of stochastic and noise processes, contributing work relevant to electronic engineering, electronic communication, and control systems.
Wiener also founded cybernetics, a field that formalizes the notion of feedback and has implications for engineering, systems control, computer science, biology, philosophy, and the organization of society. He was influenced by William Ross Ashby.
Wiener equation
A simple mathematical representation of Brownian motion, the Wiener equation, named after Wiener, assumes the current velocity of a fluid particle fluctuates.
Wiener filter
In signal processing, the Wiener filter is a filter proposed by Wiener during the 1940s and published in 1949. Its purpose is to reduce the amount of noise present in a signal by comparison with an estimation of the desired noiseless signal.
In mathematics
The Wiener process is a continuous-time stochastic process named in honor of Wiener. It is often called Brownian motion', after Robert Brown. It is one of the best known Lévy processes, càdlàg stochastic processes with stationary statistical independence increments, and occurs frequently in pure and applied mathematics, economics and physics.
Wiener's tauberian theorem is a 1932 result of Wiener. It put the capstone on the field of tauberian theorems in summability theory, on the face of it a chapter of real analysis, by showing that most of the known results could be encapsulated in a principle from harmonic analysis. As now formulated, the theorem of Wiener has no obvious connection to tauberian theorems, which deal with infinite series; the translation from results formulated for integrals, or using the language of functional analysis and Banach algebras, is however a relatively routine process once the idea is grasped.
The Paley–Wiener theorem relates growth properties of entire functions on Cn and Fourier transformation of Schwartz distributions of compact support.
The Wiener–Khinchin theorem, also known as the Wiener – Khintchine theorem and sometimes as the Khinchin – Kolmogorov theorem, states that the power spectral density of a wide-sense-stationary random process is the Fourier transform of the corresponding autocorrelation function.
An abstract Wiener space is a mathematical object in measure theory, used to construct a "decent", strictly positive and locally finite measure on an infinite-dimensional vector space. Wiener's original construction only applied to the space of real-valued continuous paths on the unit interval, known as classical Wiener space. Leonard Gross provided the generalization to the case of a general separable Banach space.
The notion of a Banach space itself was independently discovered by both Wiener and Stefan Banach at around the same time.[2]
Publications
Wiener wrote many books and hundreds of articles:[3]
- 1914, "A simplification in the logic of relations" in Jean van Heijenoort, 1967. From Frege to Godel: A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879-1931. Harvard Univ. Press: 224-27.
- 1930, Extrapolation, Interpolation and Smoothing of Stationary Time Series with Engineering Applications. MIT Press. (Originally classified, finally published in 1949; the 1942 version of this monograph was nicknamed "the yellow peril" because of the color of the cover and the difficulty of the subject. [1])
- 1948, Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Paris, France: Librairie Hermann & Cie, and Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- 1950, The Human Use of Human Beings. The Riverside Press (Houghton Mifflin Co.).
- 1958, Nonlinear Problems in Random Theory. MIT Press & Wiley.
- 1966, Generalized Harmonic Analysis and Tauberian Theorems. MIT Press.
- 1966, God & Golem, Inc.: A Comment on Certain Points Where Cybernetics Impinges on Religion. MIT Press.
- 1988, The Fourier Integral and Certain of its Applications (Cambridge Mathematical Library). Cambridge Univ. Press.
- 1994, Invention: The Care and Feeding of Ideas. MIT Press.
Fiction:
- 1959,The Tempter. Random House.
Autobiography:
- 1953. Ex-Prodigy: My Childhood and Youth. MIT Press.
- 1956. I am a Mathematician. MIT Press.
Under the name "W. Norbert"
- 1952 The Brain and other short science fiction in Tech Engineering News
References
- ^ Norbert Wiener Center for Harmonic Analysis and Applications, University of Maryland, College Park
- ^ F. Albiac and N. Kalton, Topics in Banach Space Theory (GTM 233). New York: Springer 2006. p. 15
- ^ A full bibliography is given by the Cybernetics Society Publications of Norbert Wiener
Further reading
- Bynum, Terrell W., "Norbert Wiener's Vision: The impact of "the automatic age" on our moral lives."
- Conway, F., and Siegelman, J., 2005. Dark Hero of the Information Age: in search of Norbert Wiener, the father of cybernetics. Basic Books, New York. 423pp. ISBN 0-7382-0368-8
- Ivor Grattan-Guinness, 2000. The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870-1940. Princeton Uni. Press.
- Bluma, Lars, 2005. Norbert Wiener und die Entstehung der Kybernetik im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Münster.
- Michel Faucheux, Nobert Wiener, le Golem et la cybernetique, Editions du Sandre,2008
- Heims, Steve J., 1980. John von Neumann and Norbert Wiener: From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death. MIT Press.
- Heims, Steve J., 1993. Constructing a Social Science for Postwar America. The Cybernetics Group, 1946-1953. MIT Press.
- Ilgauds, Hans Joachim, 1980. Norbert Wiener.
- Masani, P. Rustom, 1990. Norbert Wiener 1894-1964. Birkhauser.
A brief profile of Dr. Wiener is given in The Observer newspaper, Sunday, 28 January 1951.
External links
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Norbert Wiener |
- Norbert Wiener and Cybernetics – Living Internet
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Norbert Wiener", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
- Norbert Wiener at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
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Mentioned in
- cybernetics (Technology)
- Greatest Thinkers, Vol. 13: Wiener (1981 History Film)
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