Normal operator

In mathematics, especially functional analysis, a normal operator on a complex Hilbert space H (or more generally in a C* algebra) is a continuous linear operator

that commutes with its hermitian adjoint N*:

Normal operators are important because the spectral theorem holds for them. Today, the class of normal operators is well-understood. Examples of normal operators are

• unitary operators: N ^* = N ^{− 1}
• Hermitian operators (i.e., selfadjoint operators): N ^* = N; (also, anti-selfadjoint operators: N ^* = − N)
• positive operators: N = MM ^*
• orthogonal projection operators: N = N ^* = N²
• normal matrices can be seen as normal operators if one takes the Hilbert space to be Cⁿ.

Properties

Normal operators are characterized by the spectral theorem. A compact normal operator (in particular, a normal operator on a finite-dimensional linear space) is diagonalizable.

Let T be a bounded operator. The following are equivalent.

• T is normal.
• T* is normal.
• ||Tx|| = ||T*x|| for all x.^[1]
• The selfadjoint and anti-selfadjoint parts of T commute.

If N is a normal operator, then N and N* have the same kernel and range. Consequently, the range of N is dense if and only if N is injective. Put in another way, the kernel of a normal operator is the orthogonal complement of its range; thus, the kernel of N^k coincides with that of N for any k. Every generalized eigenvalue of a normal operator is thus genuine. λ is an eigenvalue of a normal operator N if and only if its complex conjugate is an eigenvalue of N ^* . Eigenvectors of a normal operator are pairwise orthogonal. (At this point, it follows from the usual spectral theorem that every normal operator on a finite-dimensional space is diagonalizable by a unitary operator.)

The product of normal operators that commute is again normal; this is nontrivial and follows from Fuglede's theorem, which states (in a form generalized by Putnam):

If N₁ and N₂ are normal operators and if A is a bounded linear operator such that N₁A = AN₂, then .

The operator norm of a normal operator equals to its numerical radius and spectral radius.

A normal operator coincides with its Aluthge transform.

Normal elements

The notion of normal operators generalizes to an involutive algebra; namely, an element x of an involutive algebra is said to be normal if xx ^* = x ^* x. The most important case is when such an algebra is a C*-algebra. A positive element is an example of a normal element.

Unbounded normal operators

The definition of normal operators naturally generalizes to some class of unbounded operators. Explicitly, a closed operator N is said to be normal if

N ^* N = NN ^*

Here, the existence of the adjoin N ^* implies that the domain of N is dense, and the equality implies that the domain of N ^* N equals that of NN ^* , which is not necessarily the case in general.

The spectral theorem still holds for unbounded normal operators, but usually requires a different proof.

Generalization

The success of the theory of normal operators led to several attempts for generalization by weakening the commutativity requirement. Classes of operators that include normal operators are (in order of inclusion)

• Quasinormal operators
• Subnormal operators
• Hyponormal operators
• Paranormal operators
• Normaloids

Notes

1. ^ We have , for all x. Now use the fact that is a norm (called numerical radius).