Notoungulata

Notoungulata Fossil range: Paleocene–Pleistocene PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Toxodon platensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Infraclass:	Eutheria
Superorder:	†Meridiungulata
Order:	†Notoungulata Roth, 1903
Suborders and Families
†Notioprogonia †Henricosborniidae †Notostylopidae †Toxodonta †Isotemnidae †Leontiniidae †Notohippidae †Toxodontidae †Homalodotheriidae †Typotheria †Archaeopithecidae †Oldfieldthomasiidae †Interatheriidae †Campanorcidae †Mesotheriidae †Hegetotheria †Archaeohyracidae †Hegetotheriidae
Range of Notoungulata based on fossil record

Notoungulata is an extinct order of hoofed, sometimes heavy bodied mammalian ungulates which inhabited South America and Asia during the Paleocene to Pleistocene living from 57 Ma—11,000 years ago and existed for approximately 56.989 million years.^[1]

Taxonomy

Notoungulata was named by Roth (1903). It was assigned to Eutheria by Carroll (1988).^[2] The order includes the huge Toxodon. Due to the isolated nature of South America, many notoungulates evolved along convergent lines into forms that resembled mammals on other continents. Examples of this are Pachyrukhos, a notoungulate that evolved to fill the role of rabbits and hares and Homalodotherium, which evolved to resemble chalicotheres. During the Pleistocene, Toxodon was the largest common notoungulate. Most of the group (Toxodon being an exception) became extinct after the landbridge between North and South America was formed, allowing North American ungulates to enter South America in the Great American Interchange and out-compete the native fauna. This order is united with other South-American ungulates in the super-order Meridiungulata.

Cifelli has argued that Notioprogonia is paraphyletic, as it would include the ancestors of the remaining suborders. Similarly, Cifelli indicated that Typotheria would be paraphyletic if it excluded Hegetotheria and he advocated inclusion of Archaeohyracidae and Hegetotheriidae in Typotheria.^[3]

Orders and families

• Order Notoungulata - notoungulates
  • Suborder Notioprogonia
    • Family Henricosborniidae
    • Family Notostylopidae
  • Suborder Toxodonta
    • Family Isotemnidae
    • Family Leontiniidae
    • Family Notohippidae
    • Family Toxodontidae
    • Family Homalodotheriidae
  • Suborder Typotheria
    • Family Archaeopithecidae
    • Family Oldfieldthomasiidae
    • Family Interatheriidae
    • Family Campanorcidae
    • Family Mesotheriidae
  • Suborder Hegetotheria
    • Family Archaeohyracidae
    • Family Hegetotheriidae

References

• McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. ISBN 0-231-11013-8