Nuclear battery

(nucleonics) A primary battery in which the energy of radioactive material is converted into electric energy by solar cells or other energy converters. Also known as atomic battery; radioisotope battery; radioisotopic generator.

A battery that converts the energy of particles emitted from atomic nuclei into electric energy. Two basic types have been developed: (1) A high-voltage type, in which a beta-emitting isotope is separated from a collecting electrode by a vacuum or a solid dielectric, provides thousands of volts but the current is measured in picoamperes (pA); (2) a low-voltage type gives about 1 volt with current in microamperes (μA).

In the high-voltage type, a radioactive source is attached to one electrode, emitting charged particles. The source might be strontium-90, krypton-85, or hydrogen-3 (tritium), all of which are pure beta emitters. An adjacent electrode collects the emitted particles. A vacuum or solid dielectric separates the source and the collector electrodes. The principal use of the high-voltage battery is to maintain the voltage of a charged capacitor. The current output of the radioactive source is sufficient for this purpose.

Three different concepts have been employed in the low-voltage type of nuclear batteries: (1) a thermopile, (2) the use of an ionized gas between two dissimilar metals, and (3) the two-step conversion of beta energy into light by a phosphor and the conversion of light into electric energy by a photocell. See also Battery.