Partial Test Ban Treaty

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Treaty that prohibits all tests of nuclear weapons except those conducted underground. U.S.-Soviet test-ban talks began after concerns arose in the 1940s and '50s about the dangers of radioactive fallout from above-ground nuclear tests. These talks made little progress until the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. In the following year, Britain, the U.S., and the Soviet Union signed the treaty, and more than 100 other governments soon followed. France and China were notable nonsignatories. In 1996 the treaty was replaced by the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty, which will not take effect until it is signed by all 44 countries with nuclear power plants. India refuses to do so on the ground that the treaty lacks disarmament provisions and permits nonexplosive testing. See also Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty.

For more information on Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty, visit Britannica.com.

This international agreement reflected diplomatic attempts to stabilize international relations in the early 1960s as well as public fears of radioactive fallout. Pressures to limit the radioactive fallout from open-air testing of nuclear weapons dated back to 1954. Scientists, journalists, and intellectuals throughout Western Europe and the United States raised awareness about the harmful effects of nuclear radiation. Government leaders, including American president Dwight Eisenhower, recognized a need to respond to growing public fears.

On 10 May 1955, the Soviet Union seized the initiative. Moscow included a ban on nuclear tests as part of a general disarmament proposal. Over time, the Soviet leadership backed away from many elements of this offer. The United States rejected the proposal because it lacked a system of inspections for verifying adherence to the test ban. Eisenhower feared that the Soviet government would take advantage of its closed society to test nuclear weapons in secrecy. The United States suffered from an asymmetry of secrecy—because of America's democratic culture, its leaders could not act with the same secrecy employed by Soviet policy makers.

In 1958, the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union—the three existing nuclear powers—announced unilateral bans on nuclear testing in response to public pressure. Each government sought to show that it was more enlightened than its counterparts. Each government also resumed tests by the end of the decade, fearful that its Cold War adversaries would gain a technical lead in the arms race through additional experiments with nuclear warheads.

In the early 1960s, negotiations for a nuclear test ban gained momentum for reasons beyond the public's fears of radioactive fallout. After years of recurring crises surrounding the status of American-dominated West Berlin—located deep within the territory of communist East Germany—Washington and Moscow sought new mechanisms for stabilizing their relationship. Military rivalry between the superpowers had become too dangerous in a world with huge nuclear arsenals capable of destroying life on the entire planet many times over. The dangers of the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962 pushed both American president John F. Kennedy and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev to pursue new mechanisms for accommodation.

A nuclear test ban treaty served this purpose. It became an important symbol of amicable relations between Cold War adversaries. The agreement—negotiated during the summer of 1963 in Moscow by President Kennedy's ambassador at large, William Averell Harriman, and the Soviet leadership—recognized the Cold War status quo in Europe. It emphasized the need for restraint instead of continued crisis on this divided continent.

Officially signed by the leaders of the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain on 5 August 1963, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty prohibited future nuclear tests in the atmosphere, in space, and under water. Due to continued difficulties with verification, the treaty allowed for underground tests. While the signatories continued to explode ever larger warheads beneath the ground, they never again exploded a nuclear weapon in the open air. This greatly reduced radioactive fallout across the globe, and it also helped to lessen the tensions that grew with competing exhibits of nuclear prowess during a prior period of above ground tests.

The initial signatories attempted to convince the leaders of France and China to sign the treaty. The former had recently tested its first nuclear device (on 13 February 1960), and the latter prepared for its first nuclear explosion (on 16 October 1964). Leaders in Washington, London, and Moscow hoped that a global ban on aboveground nuclear tests would prevent France, China, and other states from developing nuclear arsenals of their own. By refusing to sign the treaty, Paris and Beijing indicated that they would not accept continued nuclear domination by the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union. In the subsequent decades other states have followed France and China's lead—including Israel, India, and Pakistan. There have been very few occasions, however, when these states tested nuclear warheads above ground. The nuclear test ban treaty did not prevent further nuclear proliferation, but it slowed this process, stabilized Cold War tensions, and created an international norm against nuclear tests in the open air.

Bibliography

Beschloss, Michael R. The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960–1963. New York: Harper Collins, 1991.

Divine, Robert A. Blowing on the Wind: The Nuclear Test Ban Debate, 1954–1960. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.

Gaddis, John Lewis. The Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

Trachtenberg, Marc. A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999.

Wenger, Andreas. Living With Peril: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Nuclear Weapons. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997.

The Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT), sometimes called the Partial Test Ban Treaty, was first signed in 1963 by the United States, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.), and the United Kingdom. It prohibits the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, underwater, or in space. As the first significant arms control agreement of the cold war, the LTBT set an important precedent for future arms negotiations.

The LTBT followed quickly on the heels of the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, in which the United States and the U.S.S.R. came to the brink of war over the Soviet Union's placement of missiles in Cuba. Alarmed at the prospect of nuclear war, President John F. Kennedy, of the United States, and Premier Nikita Khrushchev, of the Soviet Union, agreed to begin serious arms control negotiations. The LTBT was one of the first fruits of these negotiations. Proponents of the treaty claimed that it would prevent contamination of the environment by radioactive fallout from nuclear testing, slow down the arms race, and inhibit the spread of nuclear weapons to other countries.

Although Kennedy hailed the LTBT as a significant achievement of his presidency, he was disappointed that he could not secure a comprehensive test ban treaty, which would have banned all forms of nuclear testing. Lacking such a ban, the superpowers and other countries with nuclear capability continued to test nuclear weapons underground. However, article 1, section b, of the LTBT pledges that each of its signatory countries will seek "a treaty resulting in the permanent banning of all nuclear test explosions, including all such explosions underground." By 1973, a total of 106 countries had signed the LTBT, and by 1992, that number had grown to 119.

Later test ban treaties have included the Threshold Test Ban Treaty of 1974, which prohibited nuclear tests of more than 150 kilotons (the explosive force of 150,000 tons of TNT), and the Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty of 1976. Although a comprehensive test ban agreement has not yet been reached, the nuclear powers and many nations without nuclear capabilities continue to negotiate the provisions of such a treaty.

See: arms control and disarmament.

An agreement made in 1963 by Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States not to test nuclear weapons in the air, in outer space, or under the sea. Underground testing was permitted under the treaty.

7 October 1963 President Kennedy ratifies the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in the Treaty Room at the White House. L-R: William Hopkins, Sen. Mike Mansfield, John J. McCloy, Adrian S. Fisher, Sen. John Pastore, W. Averell Harriman, Sen. George Smathers, Sen. J.W. Fulbright, Sec. of State Dean Rusk, Sen. George Aiken, President Kennedy, Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey, Sen. Everett Dirksen, William C. Foster, Sen. Howard W. Cannon, Sen. Leverett Saltonstall, Sen. Thomas H. Kuchel, Vice President Johnson. White House, Treaty Room. Photograph by Robert Knudsen, White House, in the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston.

Atmospheric ¹⁴C, New Zealand[1] and Austria[2]. The New Zealand curve is representative for the Southern Hemisphere, the Austrian curve is representative for the Northern Hemisphere. Atmospheric nuclear weapon tests almost doubled the concentration of Carbon-14 in the Northern Hemisphere [3]. The Delay of some years after the test ban of the peak on the Southern Hemisphere can be explained by the time for the propagation of C-14 from the Northern Hemisphere to the Southern Hemisphere.

The Treaty banning Nuclear Weapon Tests In The Atmosphere, In Outer Space And Under Water, often abbreviated as the Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT), Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT), or Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (NTBT) (although the latter also refers to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty) is a treaty prohibiting all test detonations of nuclear weapons except underground. It was developed both to slow the arms race (nuclear testing was, back then, necessary for continued nuclear weapon advancements), and to stop the excessive release of nuclear fallout into the planet's atmosphere.

It was signed by the Governments of the USSR (represented by Andrei Gromyko), the UK (represented by Sir Alec Douglas-Home) and the USA (represented by Dean Rusk), named the "Original Parties", at Moscow on August 5, 1963 and opened for signature by other countries. It was ratified by the U.S. Senate on September 24, 1963 by a vote of 80 to 19. The treaty went into effect on October 10, 1963.^{[1] [2]}

Much of the initiative for the treaty had its focus in what was the rising concern about radioactive fallout as a result of nuclear weapons testing underwater, in the atmosphere, and on the ground's surface, on the part of the nuclear powers. These concerns became more pronounced after the United States successfully tested a hydrogen bomb and a thermonuclear device with the power of eight megatons of TNT in the early 1950s and when the USSR detonated a 50-megaton nuclear warhead in 1961.

Initially, the Soviet Union proposed a testing ban along with a disarmament agreement dealing with both conventional and nuclear weapon systems. The Western nuclear powers and the Soviet Union traded positions on this issue over the course of negotiations in the 1950s through offers and counteroffers proposed under the aegis of the U.N. Disarmament Commission. It was only later during 1959 and into the early 1960s that the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union agreed to detach a general agreement on nuclear disarmament from a ban on nuclear weapons testing.

The Soviet Union, however, only agreed in principle to a testing ban with no verification regime or protocols. It was over what measures and the method by which they could be effectively be carried out that caused much of the deadlock in the latter half of 1961 over a test ban agreement. The problem of detecting underground tests—that is, distinguishing it from an earthquake—proved to be particularly troublesome. Therefore the United States and United Kingdom insisted on intrusive, inspection-based control systems as a means to verify compliance. The Soviet Union, on the other hand, maintained the position that surveillance and seismic detection equipment operated from outside the boundaries of any signatory was adequate to verify compliance. The Western powers felt that any agreement not subject to a control system rigorous enough to verify compliance would set a bad precedent in nuclear arms control for future agreements.

Deadlock ensued until July 1963 when Premier Khrushchev signaled his willingness to forgo a ban that would include underground testing. In effect, this meant the Soviet Union would agree to a test ban in the atmosphere, outer space, and under water environments; a position the Western powers had long favored as an alternative to a more comprehensive (underground environment) ban. This opened an opportunity for a three-power meeting among the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union on July 15, 1963 in Moscow. The Moscow negotiations, in reflecting the long deliberations that had gone on for nearly a decade, took relatively little time as the treaty was signed by representatives of the three governments only 21 days later.

Contents 1 Signatories 2 See also 3 References 4 External links

Signatories

Participation in the Partial Test Ban Treaty      Signed and ratified      Acceding or succeeding      Only signed

Main article: List of Partial Test Ban Treaty signatories

Most countries have signed and ratified the treaty. Countries known to have tested nuclear weapons but which have not signed the treaty are China, France and North Korea.

See also

• Boeing NC-135
• Threshold Test Ban Treaty
• Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
• High altitude nuclear explosion
• Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone
• Space law
• Underground nuclear testing
• Project Orion
• Air Force Technical Applications Center

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook document "2003 edition".

1. ^ Limited Test Ban Treaty at the U.S. Department of State
2. ^ Partial TestBan at the UNODA

External links

• Audio clips from President Eisenhower and President Kennedy on the nuclear test ban treaty negotiations
• Nuclear Files.org Partial Test Ban Treaty as entered into force on October 10, 1963
• Text of the treaty at the Center for a World in Balance

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