occult

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(ə-kŭlt', ŏk'ŭlt') pronunciation
adj.
  1. Of, relating to, or dealing with supernatural influences, agencies, or phenomena.
  2. Beyond the realm of human comprehension; inscrutable.
  3. Available only to the initiate; secret: occult lore. See synonyms at mysterious.
  4. Hidden from view; concealed.
    1. Medicine. Detectable only by microscopic examination or chemical analysis, as a minute blood sample.
    2. Not accompanied by readily detectable signs or symptoms: occult carcinoma.
n.
Occult practices or techniques: a student of the occult.


v., -cult·ed, -cult·ing, -cults. (ə-kŭlt')

v.tr.
  1. To conceal or cause to disappear from view.
  2. Astronomy. To conceal by occultation: The moon occulted Mars.
v.intr.
To become concealed or extinguished at regular intervals: a lighthouse beacon that occults every 45 seconds.

[Latin occultus, secret, past participle of occulere, to cover over.]

occultly oc·cult'ly adv.
occultness oc·cult'ness n.

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adjective

    Difficult to explain or understand: arcane, cabalistic, cryptic, enigmatic, mysterious, mystic, mystical, mystifying, puzzling. See explain/baffle, knowledge/ignorance.

verb

    To put or keep out of sight: bury, cache, conceal, ensconce, hide1, secrete. Slang plant, stash. See show/hide.


adj

Definition: mysterious, secret; supernatural
Antonyms: known, natural

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The word occult means "to hide from view" or "to conceal." Occult practices are those that claim to deal, in a secret or hidden manner, with supernatural forces or agencies. In the religious sense, "the occult" is usually applied to those secret rituals that attempt to worship, serve, or invoke the power of a devil or demonic figures.

This large and vague description, fitting a host of undefined but almost superstitiously feared practices, is revealing. Those who practice traditional, established religion tend to use the word "occult" whenever faced with describing something they don't understand, fear greatly, or wish to condemn.

Mary is dealing in the occult. Tom joined a Satan-worshiping group. Mike's son is hooked on the Dungeons and Dragons board game. Susan plays with Ouija boards. Voodoo and tarot cards deal in the occult. The implication is that the occult is evil, devil-worshiping, and demonically controlled. Unspeakable evils go on in dark places. Illicit sex with captured virgins is somehow implied, and black magic lurks at the center. The occult is always thought to be weaker than God but stronger than the power of one's own religious friends. Occultism, unproved but accepted as real, is viewed as an attempt to sell one's soul to the devil and bend supernatural powers to human control.

Perhaps the word's strongest power resides in the human tendency to keep mysteries in the dark by never examining them. At various times the secret rituals of the Masonic organization, the practice of being "slain in the spirit" in the Pentecostal Church down the street, and the mysterious rites of the Catholic Church have been all that are needed to accuse those organizations of practicing the occult.

The reality is that few people have ever experienced a real, dark occultic ritual, except in the movies. But the practice of using the word-covering the unknown in a veil of secrecy-leaves occultism in the dark. And, as with most fear-inducing things, the dark is where it is most powerful. In the light of day, the occult seems to disappear. Indeed, the most potent weapon of those who claim to practice occultism is secrecy itself.

(See also ODIN WODEN OR WOTAN see Norse Gods and Goddesses)



In medicine, applied to a condition that is not readily detectable by signs and symptoms, or which is detectable only from microscopic examination or chemical analysis.

General term (derived from Latin occultus, occulere, to hide; the opposite of apocalypse, that which is revealed). The word has come to denote that which is hidden from the uninitiated, which is imperceptible by normal senses, and thus refers to various magical and divinatory beliefs and practices, beginning with astrology, tarot, palmistry, numerology and other divina-tory arts and especially including various forms of spirit contact— Spiritualism (and the various forms of mediumship), magic, and witchcraft. It also applies to specific practices such as the prediction of the future, exploring past lives (reincarnation), casting spells, and psychokinesis (mind over matter).

The word exists as a derogatory label tending to denigrate and marginalize those against whom it is used. Those interested in the paranormal have often taken pains to isolate selected areas of paranormal activity and separate them from other areas, which are left to the "occult." Modern practitioners have also taken the opportunity offered by the relatively open context of contemporary society to attempt the recovery of classically occult terms such as witchcraft and astrology. The New Age movement, a contemporary phase of the life of the occult community, has allowed a significant revamping of the occult. Divinatory practices such as astrology and the tarot have been redefined as counseling methodologies, and Wiccans have joined together to denounce anti-witchcraft activities as religious bigotry.

In ancient times, it was believed that apparent deviations from natural law involved mysterious and miraculous "super-natural" or occult (i.e., hidden) laws, deriving from gods, invisible entities, or the souls of the dead. The rituals of magic were designed to evoke entities and spirits, to ward off misfortune, or to perform actions in defiance of natural law, such as obtaining knowledge of distant or future events, causing injury or death to one's enemies, or securing sudden wealth (usually in the form of gold). In most tribal cultures, shamans or similar practitioners claimed the specialized ability to work magic, especially as relating to healing the sick or obtaining useful information.

Modern Spiritualism was an attempt to substantiate the ancient belief in the continued existence of personality after death and the evolution of the individual soul to perfection, a belief challenged by modern worldviews. The Spiritism inaugurated by Allan Kardec is a form of Spiritualism with an emphasis on reincarnation. Both Spiritualism and Spiritism are essentially religious movements, endorsing the miracles cited in the Bible and citing continuing paranormal phenomena as evidence of survival.

In pre-modern cultures occultism was an integral part of a religious worldview deriving from the mystery, wonder, and fearfulness of the environment in which human beings found themselves. By the Middle Ages, the occult had been separated from its religious base and competed with the dominant religious belief and practice. The magic spells and rituals of the Middle Ages contain popular practices of pre-Christian religions in the Mediterranean Basin.

One's opinion of the validity of the occult and the meaning of claimed paranormal phenomena depends in large part upon one's philosophical or religious viewpoint. From the early nineteenth century on, the successes of science and technology in achieving apparent miracles led to the widespread adoption of a materialist view of life and natural law, and to some extent encouraged the growth of agnosticism and atheism. Both the irreligious and those with a religion informed by the findings of the new sciences often ridiculed simplistic and literal belief in biblical teachings, the creation story in the book of Genesis being a particular target. They disparaged the accounts of scientifically impossible events in sacred texts and publicized the many instances of the abuse of power by religious authorities, vividly illustrated by the often violent suppression of heresies and blood-thirsty religious wars.

In the twentieth century, liberal Christianity has tended to play down the question of miraculous phenomena, although conservative voices still cite persuasive evidence that such miracles still occur. At the same time worldviews not so dependent on either a personal deity and/or a law-abiding universe have emerged. Many scientists have argued that what were formerly thought of as "natural laws" were imposed upon nature as observers made note of regularities. Such a worldview leaves room for spontaneous, supernatural, or miraculous occurrences.

Belief has always appeared to be a powerful creative factor in occult practice, and it is not impossible that even initial fraud could sometimes be a stimulating factor in producing paranormal phenomena by "priming the pump," so to speak. Ancient religions sometimes used mechanical contrivances to simulate divine power, rather like religious conjuring tricks.

Many have argued that the reputed power of prayer may be more closely connected with the creative power of the praying individual rather than derived from the action of God (or the gods). Prayers to Eastern or Western deities appear equally to produce results. The mental state appears to be a relevant factor. Closely related is the willpower of the magical practitioner, which again has some relevance to the mystical concept of concentration and meditation being preliminaries to the manifestations of paranormal phenomena.

At a secular level, psychical researchers and parapsychologists have attempted to bring scientific method into the investigation of claims of the paranormal, attempting to extract the paranormal subject from any religious context. Such scientific endeavors may in many ways be an essential step in the learning process, but sometimes tend to bypass the possible religious dimension and ignore the broader aspects of the meaning and purpose of life and the interpretation of natural phenomena. The clinical atmosphere of a parapsychology laboratory, with its scientific controls, specialized jargon, and mathematical evaluation, as has been repeatedly noted, tends to remove the paranormal from a natural setting.

Sources:

Crow, W. B. A History of Magic, Witchcraft, and Occultism. London: Aquarian Press, 1968. Reprint, London: Abacus, 1972.

Freedland, Nat. The Occult Explosion. New York: George Putnam's Sons; London: Michael Joseph, 1972.

Godwin, John. Occult America. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1972.

Gratton-Guinness, Ivor. Psychical Research: A Guide to Its History, Principles & Practices. London: Aquarian Press, 1982.

James, William. The Varieties of Religious Experience. London,1902.

Rhine, J. B., and Associates. Parapsychology From Duke to FRNM. Durham, N.C.: Parapsychological Press, 1965.

Thomas, Keith. Religion and the Decline of Magic. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971.

Underhill, Evelyn. Mysticism: A Study in the Nature and Development of Man's Spiritual Consciousness. London: Metheun, 1911.

Waite, Arthur E. The Book of Ceremonial Magic. London: William Rider & Son, 1911. Reprint, New Hyde Park, N.Y.: University Books, 1961. Reprint, New York: Causeway Books, 1973.

Wilson, Colin. The Occult. London: Hodder & Stoughton; New York: Random House, 1971. Reprint, New York: Vintage Books, 1973. Reprint, London: Mayflower, 1973.

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pronunciation

IN BRIEF: Beyond the easily seen.

pronunciation The greatest delight the fields and woods minister is the suggestion of an occult relation between man and the vegetable. — Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882), American transcendentalist philosopher, essayist and lecturer.

LearnThatWord.com is a free vocabulary and spelling program where you only pay for results!

In the same way in which the term New Age came to have negative associations after the wave of media attention it received in the late 1980s, the term occult acquired negative connotations after a similar wave of media coverage in the 1970s. Occultism calls to mind images of robed figures conducting arcane rituals for socially undesirable ends. Occult comes from a root word meaning hidden and originally referred to a body of esoteric beliefs and practices that were in some sense "hidden" from the average person (e.g., practices and knowledge that remain inaccessible until after an initiation). The term occult also refers to practices dealing with energies that are normally imperceptible and thus hidden from the ordinary person (e.g., magical and astrological forces).

Certain aspects of dreams and dream practices have often been associated with occultism. For example, the practice of astral projection, during which the spiritual body is "projected" outside the physical body during a trancelike state, has been thought of as a kind of dream experience. There are also certain esoteric practices of lucid dreaming in both Western and Eastern occultism. Finally, there are various approaches to the esoteric interpretation of dreams (e.g., certain Sufi practices) that are "occult" in some sense.


A flashing light in which the periods of illumination are more clearly predominant than the periods of darkness.


concealed or hidden; not apparent to the unaided eye.

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Obscure or hidden from view.

  • o. blood test — examination, microscopically or by a chemical test, of a specimen of feces, urine, gastric juice, etc., to determine the presence of blood not otherwise detectable. Feces are tested when intestinal bleeding is suspected but there is no visible evidence of blood in the stools.
  • o. heartworm infection — infection by Dirofilaria immitis in which circulating microfilariae cannot be detected in the peripheral blood by the usual test methods.
  • o. spavin — see occult spavin.
  • o. virus — the virus or infectious agent cannot be isolated but there is strong circumstantial evidence that it is present, e.g. scrapie prion.
Random House Word Menu:

categories related to 'occult'

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Random House Word Menu by Stephen Glazier
For a list of words related to occult, see:

  See crossword solutions for the clue Occult.

The word occult comes from the Latin word occultus (clandestine, hidden, secret), referring to "knowledge of the hidden".[1] In the medical sense it is used to refer to a structure or process that is hidden, e.g. an "occult bleed"[2] may be one detected indirectly by the presence of otherwise unexplained anemia.

The word has many uses in the English language, popularly meaning "knowledge of the paranormal", as opposed to "knowledge of the measurable",[3][4] usually referred to as science. The term is sometimes popularly taken to mean "knowledge meant only for certain people" or "knowledge that must be kept hidden", but for most practicing occultists it is simply the study of a deeper spiritual reality that extends beyond pure reason and the physical sciences.[5] The terms esoteric and arcane can have a very similar meaning, and the three terms are often interchangeable.[6][7]

The term occult is also used as a label given to a number of magical organizations or orders, the teachings and practices taught by them, and to a large body of current and historical literature and spiritual philosophy related to this subject.

Contents

Occultism

Reconstruction of the "Holy Table" as used by John Dee.

Occultism is the term used to describe the study of occult practices including (but not limited to) magic, alchemy, extra-sensory perception, astrology, spiritualism, and divination. Interpretation of occultism and its concepts can be found in the belief structures of religions such as Gnosticism, Hermeticism, Theosophy, Wicca, Thelema, Satanism, and Neopaganism.[8] A broad definition is offered by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke:

OCCULTISM has its basis in a religious way of thinking, the roots of which stretch back into antiquity and which may be described as the Western esoteric tradition. Its principal ingredients have been identified as Gnosticism, the Hermetic treatises on alchemy and magic, Neo-Platonism, and the Kabbalah, all originating in the eastern Mediterranean area during the first few centuries AD.[9]

From the 15th to 17th century, these ideas that are alternatively described as Western esotericism, which had a revival from about 1770 onwards, due to a renewed desire for mystery, an interest in the Middle Ages and a romantic "reaction to the rationalist Enlightenment."[10] Alchemy was common among highly important seventeenth-century scientists, such as Isaac Newton,[11] and Gottfried Leibniz.[12] Newton was even accused of introducing occult agencies into natural science when he postulated gravity as a force capable of acting over vast distances.[13] "By the eighteenth century these unorthodox religious and philosophical concerns were well defined as 'occult', inasmuch as they lay on the outermost fringe of accepted forms of knowledge and discourse,"[10] They were, however, preserved by antiquarians and mystics.

Based on his research into the modern German occult revival (1890–1910), Goodrick-Clarke puts forward a thesis on the driving force behind occultism. Behind its many varied forms apparently lies a uniform function, "a strong desire to reconcile the findings of modern natural science with a religious view that could restore man to a position of centrality and dignity in the universe.[14] Since that time many authors have emphasized a syncretic approach by drawing parallels between different disciplines.[15]

Direct insight into our perception of the occult does not usually consist of access to physically measurable facts, but is arrived at through the mind or the spirit[verification needed]. The term can refer to mental, psychological or spiritual training[verification needed]. Many occultists have studied science (perceiving science as an adjunct to alchemy) to add validity to occult knowledge in a day and age where the mystical can easily be undermined as flights of fancy. An oft-cited means of gaining insight into the occult is the use of a focus; a physical object, a ritualistic action (for example, meditation or chanting), or a medium in which one becomes wholly immersed. These are just a few examples of the vast and numerous avenues that can be explored.

Science and the occult

To the occultist, occultism is conceived of as the study of the inner nature of things, as opposed to the outer characteristics that are studied by science. The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer designates this "inner nature" with the term Will, and suggests that science and mathematics are unable to penetrate beyond the relationship between one thing and another in order to explain the "inner nature" of the thing itself, independent of any external causal relationships with other "things".[16][original research?] Schopenhauer also points towards this inherently relativistic nature of mathematics and conventional science in his formulation of the 'World as Will'. By defining a thing solely in terms of its external relationships or effects we only find its external, or explicit nature. Occultism, on the other hand, is concerned with the nature of the "thing-in-itself". This is often accomplished through direct perceptual awareness, known as mysticism.

From the scientific perspective, occultism is regarded as unscientific as it does not make use of the standard scientific method to obtain facts.

Occult qualities

Occult qualities are properties that have no rational explanation. In the Middle Ages, magnetism was sometimes called an occult quality.[17] Newton's contemporaries severely critiqued his theory that gravity was effected through "action at a distance" as occult.[18]

Religion and the occult

Some religious denominations view the occult as being anything supernatural or paranormal which is not achieved by or through God (as defined by those religious denominations), and is therefore the work of an opposing and malevolent entity. The word has negative connotations for many people, and while certain practices considered by some to be "occult" are also found within mainstream religions, in this context the term "occult" is rarely used and is sometimes substituted with "esoteric".

Religious Jewish views

In Rabbinic Judaism, an entire body of literature, collectively known as Kabbalah has been dedicated to the content eventually defined by some as occult science. The Kabbalah includes the tracts named Sefer Yetzirah, The Zohar, Pardes Rimonim, and Eitz Chaim. For a more exhaustive look at these subjects, see Kabbalah.

Though there is a popular myth that one must be a 40 year old Jewish man, and learned in the Talmud before one is allowed to delve into Kabbalah, Chaim Vital says exactly the opposite in his introduction to Eitz Chaim. There he argues that it is incumbent on everyone to learn Kabbalah - even those who are unable to understand the Talmud. Further, the father of the Lurianic School of Kabbalah, Isaac Luria (known as the Ari HaKadosh, or the Holy Lion) was not yet 40 years old when he passed away.

Christian views

Christian authorities have generally regarded occultism as heretical whenever they met this: from early Christian times, in the form of gnosticism, to late Renaissance times, in the form of various occult philosophies.[19] Though there is a Christian occult tradition that goes back at least to Renaissance times, when Marsilio Ficino developed a Christian Hermeticism and Pico della Mirandola developed a Christian form of Kabbalism,[20] mainstream institutional Christianity has always resisted occult influences, which are:[21]

  • monistic in contrast to Christian dualistic beliefs of a separation between body and spirit;
  • generally not monotheistic, frequently asserting a gradation of human souls between mortals and God; and
  • sometimes not even theistic in character.

Furthermore, there are heterodox branches of Esoteric Christianity that practice divination, blessings, or appealing to angels for certain intervention, which they view as perfectly righteous, often supportable by gospel (for instance, claiming that the old commandment against divination was superseded by Christ's birth, and noting that the Magi used astrology to locate Bethlehem). Rosicrucianism, one of the most celebrated of Christianity's mystical offshoots, has lent aspects of its philosophy to most Christian-based occultism since the 17th century.

Hindu views

Occult concepts have existed in Hinduism from the time of the Vedas and it is ingrained into the Hindu thought.The Atharva Veda contains a number occult practices. They were supposed to be used to protect oneself from evil.

Tantra, originating in India, includes amongst its various branches a variety of ritualistic practices ranging from visualisation exercises and the chanting of mantras to elaborate rituals.

There hundreds of mystic amulets or Yantra in Hinduism for various deities.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Crabb, G. (1927). English synonyms explained, in alphabetical order, copious illustrations and examples drawn from the best writers. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co.
  2. ^ Harvard Medical School Family Health Guide. Harvard Medical School 2005. 1272 pages ISBN 0-684-86373-1
  3. ^ Underhill, E. (1974). Mysticism, Meridian, New York.
  4. ^ http://www.icrcanada.org/kundandpara.html
  5. ^ Blavatsky, H. P. (1897). Occultism of the secret doctrine. [Whitefish, Mont.]: Kessinger Publishing, LLC.
  6. ^ Houghton Mifflin Company. (2004). The American Heritage College Thesaurus. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Page 530.
  7. ^ Wright, C. F. (1895). An outline of the principles of modern theosophy. Boston: New England Theosophical Corp.
  8. ^ Nevill Drury., The Watkins Dictionary of Magic, ISBN 1-84293-152-0. p. 03
  9. ^ Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (1985). The Occult Roots of Nazism. p. 17. ISBN 0-85030-402-4. 
  10. ^ a b Goodrick-Clarke (1985): 18
  11. ^ Newton's Dark Secrets.
  12. ^ Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716)
  13. ^ Edelglass et al., Matter and Mind, ISBN 0-940262-45-2. p. 54
  14. ^ Goodrick-Clarke (1985): 29
  15. ^ IAO131. Thelema & Buddhism in Journal of Thelemic Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, Autumn 2007, pp. 18-32
  16. ^ Schopenhauer, Arthur. The World as Will and Representation
  17. ^ Religion, Science, and Worldview: Essays in Honor of Richard S. Westfall, Margaret J. Osler, Paul Lawrence Farber, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-521-52493-8
  18. ^ Gerd Buchdahl, "History of Science and Criteria of Choice" p. 232. In Historical and philosophical perspectives of science v. 5 (ed. Roger H. Stuewer)
  19. ^ Gibbons, B. J. (2001). Spirituality and the occult: from the Renaissance to the twentieth century. London: Routledge. pp. 2. 
  20. ^ Yates, Frances Amelia (1979). The occult philosophy in the Elizabethan age. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 1–5. 
  21. ^ Surette, Leon (1993). The birth of modernism: Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, W.B. Yeats, and the occult. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 12–15. 

References

Further reading

  • Bardon, Franz (1971). Initiation into Hermetics. Wuppertal: Ruggeberg.
  • Fortune, Dion (2000). The Mystical Qabala. Weiser Books. ISBN 1-57863-150-5
  • Gettings, Fred, Vision of the Occult, Century Hutchinson Ltd, 1987. ISBN 0-7126-1438-9
  • Martin, W., Rische, J., Rische, K., & VanGordon, K. (2008). The Kingdom of the Occult. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishing.
  • Regardie, I., Cicero, C., & Cicero, S. T. (2001). The Tree of Life: An Illustrated Study in Magic. St. Paul, Minn: Llewellyn Publications.
  • Rogers, L. W. (1909). Hints to Young Students of Occultism. Albany, N.Y.: The Theosophical Book Company.
  • Shepard, Leslie (editor), Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology, Detroit, Mich. : Gale Research Co., 1978
  • Spence, Lewis, Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology, 1920.
  • Davis, R., True to His Ways: Purity & Safety in Christian Spiritual Practice (ACW Press, Ozark AL, 2006), ISBN 1-932124-61-6.

External links


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Dansk (Danish)
n. - det okkulte
adj. - skjult, hemmelig, okkult
v. tr. - skjule, formørke
v. intr. - blive midlertidigt usynlig

Nederlands (Dutch)
occult, verborgen, geheimzinnig, raadselachtig, verbergen, regelmatig uitgaan (licht)

Français (French)
n. - sciences occultes
adj. - occulte
v. tr. - occulter
v. intr. - s'éclipser

Deutsch (German)
adj. - okkult, geheimnisvoll, verborgen
n. - Okkultes
v. - verbergen

Ελληνική (Greek)
adj. - απόκρυφος, αποκρυφιστικός, εσωτεριστικός, (μτφ.) δυσνόητος, σκοτεινός, μυστηριώδης
n. - αποκρυφισμός, αποκρυφολογία
v. - (αστρον.) κρύβω από τη θέα

Italiano (Italian)
occulto, nascosto, segreto, celato, arcano

Português (Portuguese)
adj. - oculto, misterioso
n. - oculto (m)
v. - ocultar

Русский (Russian)
оккультный

Español (Spanish)
n. - lo oculto
adj. - oculto, secreto, mágico, misterioso
v. tr. - ocultar
v. intr. - ocultar

Svenska (Swedish)
adj. - ockult, magisk, hemlig, dold
n. - ockulta ting
v. - dölja, skymma bort, förmörka

中文(简体)(Chinese (Simplified))
神秘之事, 神秘的, 超自然的, 不可思议的, 掩蔽, 遮蔽, 遮掩, 被掩蔽

中文(繁體)(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 神秘之事
adj. - 神秘的, 超自然的, 不可思議的
v. tr. - 掩蔽, 遮蔽, 遮掩
v. intr. - 被掩蔽

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 신비스러움, 마술
adj. - 초자연적인, 불가해한
v. tr. - 신비스럽게 하다, 불가해하게 하다
v. intr. - 초자연적이되 다

日本語 (Japanese)
adj. - 神秘的な, 魔術的な, 秘密の, 難解な, 隠れた

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(صفه) سحري, خفي (الاسم) سحر (فعل) يخفي‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮כוחות על-טבעיים, תורות מיסטיות‬
adj. - ‮על-טבעי, של תורת הנסתר, סודי, מאגי, מיסתורי, מיסטי‬
v. tr. - ‮הסתיר‬
v. intr. - ‮הוסתר‬


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