Ojos del Salado

Ojos del Salado
The Chilean summit viewed from the Argentine summit.
Ojos del Salado
Elevation	6,893 metres (22,615 ft)[1]
Location	Chile and  Argentina
Range	Andes
Prominence	3,688 metres (12,100 ft)[1]
Coordinates	27°06′34.6″S 68°32′32.1″W / 27.109611°S 68.54225°W / -27.109611; -68.54225Coordinates: 27°06′34.6″S 68°32′32.1″W / 27.109611°S 68.54225°W / -27.109611; -68.54225
Type	Stratovolcano
Last eruption	700 AD ± 300 years[2]
First ascent	February 26, 1937 Jan Alfred Szczepański Justyn Wojsznis
Easiest route	scramble
Listing	Volcanic Seven Summits Seven Second Summits Country high point Ultra

Nevado Ojos del Salado ("snow-white Eyes of the Salty one") is a massive stratovolcano in the Andes on the Argentina-Chile border and the highest volcano in the world at 6,891 metres (22,608 ft). It is also the second highest mountain in the Western Hemisphere and the highest in Chile. It is located about 600 kilometres (370 mi) north of Aconcagua, the highest mountain in the Western Hemisphere at 6,962 m (22,841 ft).

Due to its location near the Atacama desert, the mountain has very dry conditions with snow only remaining on the peak during winter. Despite the generally dry conditions, there is a permanent crater lake about 100 metres (300 ft) in diameter at an elevation of 6,390 m (20,960 ft) on the eastern side of Ojos del Salado.^[3] This is most likely the highest lake of any kind in the world.

The ascent of Ojos del Salado is mostly a hike except for the final section to the summit which is a difficult scramble that may require ropes. The first ascent was made in 1937 by Jan Alfred Szczepański and Justyn Wojsznis, members of a Polish expedition in the Andes.

Its name comes from the enormous deposits of salt that, in the form of lagoons or “eyes”, appear in its glaciers.^[4]

Volcanic activity

There is no doubt that Ojos del Salado is a recently active volcano, but the question of whether it should be considered currently (or "historically") active is arguable. According to the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program,^[2] the most recent known eruption was around 1300 years ago, with large error bars. However, there is also some evidence for a minor ash emission in 1993, which would definitely qualify the volcano as historically active. The presence of fumaroles high on the mountain and recent-looking lava flows, albeit of uncertain age, also argues in favor of a categorization as "active." By these definitions Ojos del Salado is the highest historically active volcano on earth. If the older date is accepted, the title of "highest historically active volcano" might reside instead with the somewhat lower Llullaillaco volcano, which certainly has erupted in historic times (most recently in 1877) and should still be considered active. Definitions of "active" being themselves controversial and somewhat arbitrary, the point is mainly of trivial interest.

Elevation

The elevation of Ojos del Salado has been the subject of debate. Contrary to widely reproduced claims made by Argentine authorities in 1994, which still appear in some maps, publications and websites, Ojos del Salado is about 100 m (330 ft) higher than Argentina's nearby Monte Pissis (6,793 m).

A claim in Andes magazine in 2006 that Ojos del Salado may be higher than Aconcagua, Argentina, was based on older surveys that used inaccurate methods. The results of these older surveys assigned Ojos del Salado an elevation of 7,057 metres (23,150 ft), which would have made it nearly 100 m (330 ft) higher than Aconcagua. In fact, as early as 1955, an estimate was made that the elevation of Ojos del Salado was 7,100 m (23,000 ft), but that was "simply an estimate based on the altitude of the final camp, and the hours of ascent to the summit."^[5] In 1956 the first Chilean expedition led by the retired lieutenant René Fajardo measured the height of Ojos del Salado as 7,084 with a pocket pressure altimeter. Apart from being an inexact method, the height shown be the altimeter was far too high as air pressure is generally lower in the afternoon, time at which expedition reached the summit.^[6]

In 2007, a Chilean-European expedition performed a precise survey on both Ojos del Salado and Monte Pissis, using more accurate instruments. It found the former to be 6,891 m and the latter 6,793 m.^[7] This is slightly lower than recent hand held Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys, which have put it at 6,900–6,905 m (22,630–22,650 ft), though within the vertical error margin of the GPS system.

Two summit peaks

There are two summit peaks; one, which is slightly higher but by no more than a metre, is known as the "Chilean summit"; the other, which is more substantial, is known as the "Argentine summit". These are so named because they are usually climbed from the Chilean and Argentine sides respectively, although the international border passes over both peaks. There is a short distance but steep and dangerous drop between the two peaks, so it is unusual for climbers to reach them both.

Motorized ascent

The modified vehicle used in the expedition.

On Saturday, April 21, 2007, Chileans Gonzalo Bravo G. and his co-driver, Eduardo Canales Moya, claimed to have broken the New High Altitude World Record aboard a vehicle on Ojos del Salado, reaching 6,688 m (21,942 ft) in altitude, claiming a new Guinness record for Chile, surpassing the mark imposed by a German expedition during the previous March.^[8] (The three previous Guinness records were achieved by German expeditions with stock vehicles in the same volcano, which, with larger budgets, had set the previous record of 6,646 m (21,804 ft).

This record was duly certified by the Guinness World Record on July 2007.

The vehicle used by this expedition was a heavily modified Suzuki SJ (named Suzuki Samurai for the Chilean market) by Bravo. This included: engine swap, axles and suspension modification and important additional equipment such as Air Locker differential, supercharger and a special computer for Air/Fuel modification, among others. The route was planned on the basis of cartography, photographs, satellite images, advice from expert climbers of the volcano, and the routes followed by previous expeditions.

Besides the height and the oxygen shortage, the most significant difficulty in achieving the goal was the variety of terrain, including large rocks, hard sandy slopes, two glaciers, and snowfields. The 800 metre (½ mile) crossing of the main glacier involved "very technical driving", according to Gonzalo Bravo.

The expedition was notable for having only two participants, without support equipment, and with limited resources, as opposed to previous expeditions which used multiple stock vehicles, up to 19 participants, and up to €500,000.

See also

• List of volcanoes in Argentina
• List of volcanoes in Chile
• Nevado Tres Cruces
• Incahuasi
• Tipas
• Cerro El Muerto
• Cerro Solo
• Laguna Verde

References

• González-Ferrán, Oscar (1995). Volcanes de Chile. Santiago, Chile: Instituto Geográfico Militar. p. 640 pp. ISBN 956-202-054-1.  (in Spanish; also includes volcanoes of Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru)
• De Silva, Shanaka L.; Francis, Peter (1991). Volcanoes of the Central Andes. Springer-Verlag. p. 216 pp. ISBN 3540537066. 
• Biggar, John (2005). The Andes: A Guide for Climbers (3rd ed.). Andes Publishing (Scotland). p. 304 pp. ISBN 0-9536087-2-7. http://www.andes.org.uk/andes-guidebooks.asp. 

External links

• 1 December 2006 Star Trails at 19,000 Feet - NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day
• Andes information
• Peak bagger
• Summit post
• Peak list