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oleanane

Q: Which compounds you analyze?

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oleanane

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Beta amyrine and alpha amyrine both are pentacyclic triterpenoids with betahydroxy group at position number 3 but beta amyrine is derived from oleanane skeleton and alpha amyrine is derived from ursane skeleton

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It would be difficult to age crude oil because it depends where you get the crude from and crude oil moves around underground and becomes a blend of ages.

Most oil is from Jurassic and Cretaceous organic material

Crude oil is the organic remains of things that lived between 5 and 200+ million years ago. The age can be determined by the level of the organic compound oleanane

(flowering plants) and hopane

(bacteria). Because oleanane

is associated with angiosperms, the higher the concentrations of oleanane

the younger the crude (evolution of plants means further back you go, the less pollon).

No oleanane

would suggest the crude is more than 160 million years old.

A little oleanane

would make it 65~160 million years old.

A high concentration of oleanane

would make it relatively young, between 5~65 million years old.

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Because that I was a teacher in Yale University in New Jersey, I can explain that like this way:

Fossilized spores suggest that higher plants (embryophytes) have lived on the land for at least 475 million years.[3]Early land plantsreproducedsexually with flagellated, swimming sperm, like the green algae from which they evolved. An adaptation to terrestrialization was the development of upright meiosporangia for dispersal by spores to new habitats. This feature is lacking in the descendants of their nearest algal relatives, the Charophycean green algae. A later terrestrial adaptation took place with retention of the delicate, avascular sexual stage, the gametophyte, within the tissues of the vascular sporophyte. This occurred by spore germination within sporangia rather than spore release, as in non-seed plants. A current example of how this might have happened can be seen in the precocious spore germination in Sellaginella, the spike-moss. The result for the ancestors of angiosperms was enclosing them in a case, the seed. The first seed bearing plants, like the ginkgo, and conifers (such as pines and firs), did not produce flowers. The pollen grains (males) of Ginkgo and cycads produce a pair of flagellated, mobile sperm cells that "swim" down the developing pollen tube to the female and her eggs.
The apparently sudden appearance of relatively modern flowers in the fossil record initially posed such a problem for the theory ofevolutionthat it was called an "abominable mystery" by Charles Darwin.[4]However, the fossil record has considerably grown since the time of Darwin, and recently discovered angiosperm fossils such as Archaefructus, along with further discoveries of fossil gymnosperms, suggest how angiosperm characteristics may have been acquired in a series of steps. Several groups of extinct gymnosperms, in particular seed ferns, have been proposed as the ancestors of flowering plants, but there is no continuous fossil evidence showing exactly how flowers evolved. Some older fossils, such as the upper Triassic Sanmiguelia, have been suggested. Based on current evidence, some propose that the ancestors of the angiosperms diverged from an unknown group of gymnosperms during the late Triassic (245-202 million years ago). A close relationship between angiosperms and gnetophytes, proposed on the basis of morphological evidence, has more recently been disputed on the basis of molecular evidence that suggest gnetophytes are instead more closely related to other gymnosperms.
The evolution of seed plants and later angiosperms appears to be the result of two distinct rounds of whole genome duplication events.[5]These occurred in 319 million years ago and 192 million years ago respectively.
The earliest known macrofossil confidently identified as an angiosperm, Archaefructus liaoningensis, is dated to about 125 million years BP (the Cretaceous period),[6]while pollen considered to be of angiosperm origin takes the fossil record back to about 130 million years BP. However, one study has suggested that the early-middle Jurassic plant Schmeissneria, traditionally considered a type of ginkgo, may be the earliest known angiosperm, or at least a close relative.[7]In addition, circumstantial chemical evidence has been found for the existence of angiosperms as early as 250 million years ago. Oleanane, a secondary metabolite produced by many flowering plants, has been found in Permian deposits of that age together with fossils of gigantopterids.[8][9]Gigantopterids are a group of extinct seed plants that share many morphological traits with flowering plants, although they are not known to have been flowering plants themselves.
Recent DNA analysis based on molecular systematics [10][11]showed that Amborella trichopoda, found on the Pacific island of New Caledonia, belongs to a sister group of the other flowering plants, and morphological studies [12] suggest that it has features that may have been characteristic of the earliest flowering plants.
The orders Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales diverged as separate lineages from the remaining angiosperm clade at a very early stage in flowering plant evolution.[13]
The great angiosperm radiation, when a great diversity of angiosperms appears in the fossil record, occurred in the mid-Cretaceous(approximately 100 million years ago). However, a study in 2007 estimated that the division of the five most recent (the genus Ceratophyllum, the family Chloranthaceae, the eudicots, the magnoliids, and the monocots) of the eight main groups occurred around 140 million years ago.[14]By the late Cretaceous, angiosperms appear to have dominated environments formerly occupied by ferns and cycadophytes, but large canopy-forming trees replaced conifers as the dominant trees only close to the end of the Cretaceous 65 millions years ago or even later, at the beginning of the Tertiary.[15]The radiation of herbaceous angiosperm occurred much later.[16]Yet, many fossil plants recognizable as belonging to modern families (including beech, oak, maple, and magnolia) appeared already at late Cretaceous.I don't know this subject,I was the religion teACHER in YALE üniversity

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