Omri
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1. King of the Northern Kingdom of Israel (882-871 B.C.) and a contemporary of Asa, king of Judah. The concise record accorded to his 12 year reign in I Kings 16:16-28 states that he had previously served as general of King Elah's army. With the assassination of Elah by another general, Zimri, and the latter's seizure of the throne in Tirzah, Omri was proclaimed king by the Israelite army while encamped against Gibbethon of the Philistines (I Kgs 16:15-17). Omri immediately set out for Tirzah and captured it. With the death of Zimri (who committed suicide by burning the royal palace over himself), Omri had to contend with yet another aspirant to the throne, Tibni the son of Ginath, who was supported by half of the people of Israel. The four-year civil war ended in Omri's victory and the death of Tibni (I Kgs 16:17-22).
The biblical account mentions one significant act of Omri: the transfer of his royal residence from Tirzah to a new capital, which he himself established on a hill named Samaria (I Kgs 16:24). The record concludes with a passing reference to other acts of Omri involving displays of might, without specifying the nature of these acts (I Kgs 16:26).
The Moabite Stone (the inscription of Mesha, king of Moab, now in the Louvre) affords some insight into Omri's military prowess; it shows that Omri subjugated the land of Moab and conquered the land of Medeba, north of Arnon. Futhermore, from the biblical account relating to King Ahab, Omri's son and successor, it can be inferred that Omri was hard pressed by the Assyrians who wrested from him a few cities and extraterritorial rights in Samaria (I Kgs 20:34). It is reasonable to assume that Ahab's marriage to Jezebel, daughter of King Ethbaal of Phoenicia (I Kgs 16:31), was initiated by Omri with the double aim of a politico-economic alliance between the two countries, and of countering the threat of growing Assyrian power. This, together with the royal marriage pact concluded between Ahab's daughter and Jehoram, king of Judah (II Kgs 8:18), must have enhanced the political, military and economic status of the Northern Kingdom.
Indeed the references in Assyrian records to the later kings of Israel (including Jehu, who annihilated the Omride dynasty) as the "house of Omri" and to the land of Israel as "the land of Omri", are indicative of his reputation and the strong impact which his reign has upon the region.
However, the marriage alliance with Phoenicia subjected the Kingdom of Israel to sweeping Phoenician cultural and religious influence, triggering a fierce and bloody opposition, later headed by Elijah and Elisha and evoking an extremely negative assessment of Omri on the part of the Deuteronomic historiographer.
2. A son of Becher from the tribe of Benjamin.
3. Son of Imri and father of Ammihud; a Judahite who dwelt in Jerusalem.
4. Son of Michael and head officer of the tribe of Issachar during the reign of King David.
Concordance
OMRI 1:
I Kgs 16:16-17, 21-23, 25,27-30. II Kgs 8:26. II Chr 22:2. Mic 6:16
OMRI 2:
I Chr 7:8
OMRI 3:
I Chr 9:4
OMRI 4:
I Chr 27:18
Omri (ŏm'rī). 1 King of Israel. He was a general in the army of Elah, and on the king's death at the hands of Zimri b>1, Omri proclaimed himself king. Soon after this Zimri killed himself. Omri defeated Tibni, a pretender, and moved his capital from Tirzah to Samaria, thenceforth the chief city of Israel. Omri is mentioned on the Moabite stone and on Assyrian inscriptions, which call Israel "the land of Omri." Omri was in close touch with the Syrian petty kingdoms, and his son Ahab's marriage with Jezebel was a result of this alliance. 1 Kings 16.16-28; 20.34. 2 Benjamite. 1 Chron. 7.8. 3 Judahite. 1 Chron. 9.4. 4 Issacharite. 1 Chron. 27.18.
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For the village in Iran, see Omri, Iran.
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Omri (Hebrew: עמרי, Modern Omri Tiberian ʻOmrî; short for Hebrew: עָמְרִיָּה, Modern Omriyya Tiberian ʻOmriyyā ; "The Lord is my life") was a king of Israel, successful military campaigner and first in the line of Omride kings that included Ahab, Ahaziah and Joram.
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Struggle for the succession
Omri was "commander of the army" of king Elah when Zimri murdered Elah and made himself king. Instead, the troops at Gibbethon chose Omri as king, and he led them to Tirzah where they trapped Zimri in the royal palace. Zimri set fire to the palace and died after a reign of only seven days. (1 Kings 16:15-18) Although Zimri was eliminated, "half of the people" supported Tibni in opposition to Omri. (1 Kings 16:21-22) It took Omri four years to subdue Tibni and at last proclaim himself undisputed king of Israel. (1 Kings 16:15 and 16:23)
Reign
Omri became king of Israel in the 31st year of Asa, king of Judah and reigned for 12 years, 6 years of which were in Tirzah. (1 Kings 16:23) The biblical reference to the period of rivalry with Tibni is from the 27th year of Asa (1 Kings 16:15) to the 31st year. (16:23) William F. Albright has dated his reign to 876 – 869 BC, while E. R. Thiele offers the dates of 888 BC to 880 BC for his rivalry with Tibni and 880 – 874 BC for his sole reign.[1]
For the first six years of his reign Omri's capital was in Tirzah, after which he built a new capital of the kingdom in Samaria, on a hill he bought from Shemer. (1 Kings 16:23-24)
Some authors, especially Israel Finkelstein, maintain that the Book of Kings minimized Omri's accomplishments. They argue that while the biblical text acknowledges that Omri built his new capital Samaria, the text may have omitted possible widespread public construction both Omri and his son Ahab commissioned during their reigns. Finkelstein and his student Norma Franklin have identified monumental construction at Samaria, Jezreel, Megiddo and Hazor similar in design and build.[citation needed] Other archaeologists in Israel, including Amnon Ben-Tor, Amihai Mazar, William Dever and Lawrence Stager, reject this theory, claiming that it is contradicted by scientific understandings of strata formulation and the general development of the region, and that the theory relies overmuch on pottery seriation, a technique for dating sites using ceramic remains, which is a relative dating technique rather than an unreliable technique such as carbon dating.[citation needed]
Omri's rule over Israel was secure enough that he could bequeath his kingdom to Ahab, thus beginning a new dynasty (sometimes called the Omrides), and his descendants not only ruled over the kingdom of Israel for the next forty years, but also briefly over Judah. He was significant enough that his name is mentioned on a stele erected by Mesha, king of Moab, who records his victory over a son of Omri—but omits the son's name. Thomas L. Thompson (The Bible in History), however, interprets the Mesha stele as suggesting that Omri is an eponym, or legendary founder of the kingdom rather than an historical person. Most archaeologists reject this interpretation, seeing Omri as historical. Assyrian kings frequently referred to Omri's successors as belonging to the "House of Omri" (Bit Hu-um-ri-a).[2]
The Omride Dynasty
The short-lived dynasty founded by Omri constitutes a new chapter in the history of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. It ended almost fifty years of constant civil war over the throne. There was peace with the Kingdom of Judah to the south, and even cooperation between the two rival states, while relations with neighboring Sidon to the north were bolstered by marriages negotiated between the two royal courts. This state of peace with two powerful neighbors enabled the Kingdom of Israel to expand its influence and even political control in Transjordan, and these factors combined brought economic prosperity to the kingdom.
On the other hand, peace with Sidon also resulted in the penetration of Phoenician religious ideas into the kingdom and led to a kulturkampf between traditionalists (as personified by the prophet Elijah and his followers) and the aristocracy (as personified by Omri's son and heir Ahab and his consort Jezebel). In foreign affairs, this period paralleled the rise of the Kingdom of Aram based in Damascus, and Israel soon found itself at war in the northeast. Most threatening, however, was the ascendancy of Assyria, which was beginning to expand westward from Mesopotamia: the Battle of Qarqar (853 BC), which pitted Shalmaneser III of Assyria against a coalition of local kings, including Ahab, was the first clash between Assyria and Israel. It was the first in a series of wars that would eventually lead to the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel in 722 BC and the reduction of the Kingdom of Judah to an Assyrian tributary state.
Omri in archaeological sources
In archaeology, Omri appears several times over the next century or so. The Moabite Mesha stele (on display in the Louvre) makes reference to the oppression of Moab by "Omri King of Israel". Israel would later become identified in sources as the "House of Omri" (Bit-Humria), with the term "Israel" being used less and less as history progressed (the other defining term for "Israel" is "Samaria", beginning in the reign of Joash). The Assyrian Black Obelisk in the British Museum credits Jehu as being the "son of Omri" while the Bible describes him to be "the son of Jehoshaphat the son of Nimshi" [3].
Archaeologically speaking, it would appear that Omri was recognized internationally as the founder of the Israelite Kingdom, though Ahab is actually the first king of Israel to appear in non-Israelite sources. The fact that theirs are the earliest attested names of Israelite kings and that the kingdom of Israel became associated with that of the former does not, however, establish that either was considered by these sources to actually be the first king of Israel.
Attitude in contemporary Israel
The Bible displays a negative attitude to King Omri, and it has been followed by later rabbinical tradition. However, Zionism was created mainly by non-religious (sometimes anti-religious) people who re-evaluated many Biblical characters (as well as characters from later Jewish history) according to the criteria of a secular national movement in need of National Heroes. As with many European national movements which served as an example to the founders of Zionism, ancient Jewish warriors in general and warrior kings in particular were often regarded positively. Omri, a successful warrior king and the founder of a strong dynasty, is a conspicuous example.
See also
References
- ^ Edwin Thiele, The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings, (1st ed.; New York: Macmillan, 1951; 2d ed.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965; 3rd ed.; Grand Rapids: Zondervan/Kregel, 1983). ISBN 0-8254-3825-X, 9780825438257
- ^ James B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (3rd ed.; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969) 283. ISBN 0-691-03503-2
- ^ 1 Kings 19:16, 2 Kings 9:2, 2 Kings 9:14, 2 Kings 9:20, 2 Chron 22:7
External links
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Omri
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| Regnal titles | ||
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| Preceded by Zimri |
King of Israel Rival to Tibni: 885 BC – 880 BC Sole reign: 880 BC – 874 BC |
Succeeded by Ahab |
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