An open file format is a published specification for storing digital data, usually maintained by a standards organization, which basically can be used and implemented by anyone. For example, an open format can be implementable by both proprietary and free and open source software, using the typical licenses used by each. In contrast to open formats, proprietary formats are controlled and defined by private interests. Open formats are also called free file formats, if they are not encumbered by any copyrights, patents, trademarks or other restrictions (i.e. is in the public domain) so that anyone may use it at no monetary cost for any desired purpose.[1]
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Specific definitions
Sun Microsystems
Sun Microsystems defines the criteria for open formats as follows:[2]
- The format is based on an underlying open standard
- The format is developed through a publicly visible, community driven process
- The format is affirmed and maintained by a vendor-independent standards organization
- The format is fully documented and publicly available
- The format does not contain proprietary extensions
State of Minnesota
The State of Minnesota defines the criteria for open, XML-based file formats as follows:[3]
- The format is interoperable among diverse internal and external platforms and applications
- The format is fully published and available royalty-free
- The format is implemented by multiple vendors
- The format is controlled by an open industry organization with a well-defined inclusive process for evolution of the standard
Commonwealth of Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts "defines open formats as specifications for data file formats that are based on an underlying open standard, developed by an open community, affirmed and maintained by a standards body and are fully documented and publicly available."[4]
The Enterprise Technical Reference Model (ETRM) classifies four formats as "Open Formats":
- OASIS Open Document Format For Office Applications (OpenDocument) v. 1.1
- Ecma-376 Office Open XML Formats (Open XML)
- Hypertext Document Format v. 4.01
- Plain Text Format
The Linux Information Project
According to the The Linux Information Project, the term open format should refer to "any format that is published for anyone to read and study but which may or may not be encumbered by patents, copyrights or other restrictions on use".[5] - as opposed to a free format which is not encumbered by any copyrights, patents, trademarks or other restrictions
Examples of open formats
Multimedia
- CMML — Timed metadata and subtitles
- DAISY Digital Talking Book — A talking book format
- FLAC — Lossless audio codec
- JPEG 2000 – an image format standardized by ISO/IEC
- Matroska (mkv), container for all type of multimedia formats (audio, video, images, subtitles)
- MNG — moving pictures, based on PNG
- Musepack — An audio codec
- Ogg, container for Vorbis, FLAC, Speex (audio formats) & Theora (a video format)
- SMIL — A media playlisting format and multimedia integration language[6][7]
- Speex — Speech codec
- WavPack — An audio codec
- XSPF — A playlist format for multimedia
- PNG – a raster image format standardized by ISO/IEC
- SVG – a vector image format standardized by W3C
- VRML/X3D – realtime 3D data formats standardized by ISO/IEC
Text
- ASCII — a plain text file
- DVI — device independent (TeX)
- HTML/XHTML — markup language for web pages (ISO/IEC 15445:2000)
- LaTeX — document markup language
- Office Open XML — a formatted text format (ISO/IEC 29500:2008)[8]
- OpenDocument v1.0 — a formatted text format (ISO/IEC 26300:2006).[9]
- PDF — open standard for documents exchange (ISO 15930-1:2001, ISO 19005-1:2005, ISO 32000-1:2008). PDF started out a proprietary standard, but was later submitted through standardization
- PostScript — a page description language and programming language. PostScript started out as a proprietary standard, but was later submitted through standardization
- Rich Text Format — a formatted text format
- Unicode
- UTF-8 — text encoding with support for all common languages and scripts
Other
- XML – a markup language standardized by W3C
Archiving and compression
- 7z — for both archiving and compression
- bzip2 — for compression
- gzip — for compression
- PAQ — for compression
- SQX — for both archiving and compression
- tar — for archiving
- ZIP — for both archiving and compression
Other
- CSV — comma separated values, commonly used for spreadsheets or simple databases
- YAML — human readable data serialization format
- json — object notation, subset of ECMAScript
- XML — a general-purpose markup language[10]
- RSS — syndication
- CSS — style sheet format usually used with (X)HTML
- DjVu — file format for scanned images or documents
- EAS3 — binary file format for floating point data
- ELF — Executable and Linkable Format
- FreeOTFE — container for encrypted data
- Hierarchical Data Format — Multi-platform data format for storing multidimensional arrays, among other data structures
- iCalendar — calendar data format
- NZB — for multipart binary files on Usenet
- NetCDF — for scientific data
- SDXF — the Structured Data eXchange Format
- SFV — checksum format
- TrueCrypt — container for encrypted data
- WebDav — internet filesystem format
See also
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Wikibooks has a book on the topic of |
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Wikiversity has learning materials about Open format |
- Open standard
- Free software
- Open source
- Open source codecs and containers
- Open system
- Free protocol
- Vendor lock-in
- Embrace, extend and extinguish
- Network effect
References
- ^ "Free File Format Definition". LINFO.org. http://www.linfo.org/free_file_format.html. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
- ^ Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) v1.0 - OASIS Standard, 1 May 2005
- ^ Meanwhile, Deep Down in Texas: An Open Format Bill is Filed - Tuesday, February 06 2007 @ 03:55 PM PST Contributed by: Andy Updegrove - ConsortiumInfo.org
- ^ Major Revision of Massachusetts Enterprise Technical Reference Model (ETRM). Robin Cover, Editor - Created: July 03, 2007. - Cover Pages
- ^ "Free File Format Definition". LINFO.org. http://www.linfo.org/free_file_format.html. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
- ^ W3C SMIL
- ^ SMIL 2.1 (W3C Recommendation)
- ^ ISO - News - Publication of ISO/IEC 29500:2008, Information technology — Document description and processing languages - Office Open XML file formats
- ^ "ISO/IEC 26300:2006 Information technology -- Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) v1.0". ISO. http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=43485.
- ^ W3C XML
External links
- OpenOffice software implementing open formats
- OpenFormats
- Practical Advice for using Free Formats from Ubuntu Community Documentation
- Massachusetts Open Initiatives
- Free Knowledge requires Free Software and Free File Formats by Jimmy Wales
- Study on the: Economic impact of open source software on innovation and the competitiveness of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector in the EU, 2006 EU report in favor of adopting open source software
- Free File Format Definition
- Definition of Free Cultural Works
- Practical Advice for using Free Formats from Ubuntu Community Documentation
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