opiate

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One of a group of drugs derived from opium, which depress brain function (a narcotic action). Opiates include morphine and its synthetic derivatives, such as heroin and codeine. They are used in medicine chiefly to relieve pain, but the use of morphine and heroin is strictly controlled since they can cause drug dependence and tolerance.

Any drug containing or derived from opium, the dried latex from unripe seeds of the oriental poppy, Papaver somniferum. Opiates include codeine and morphine. They are all banned by the International Olympic Committee because of their addictive and potentially harmful properties. See also narcotic.

noun

1. A substance that affects the central nervous system and is often addictive: drug, hallucinogen, narcotic. Informal dope. See drugs/temperance.
2. Something that induces sleep or sedation: hypnotic, narcotic, sedative, somnifacient, soporific. See awareness/unawareness.

adjective

Inducing sleep or sedation: hypnotic, narcotic, sedative, sleepy, slumberous, somnifacient, somniferous, somnific, somnolent, soporific. See awareness/unawareness.

verb

To administer or add a drug to: dose, drug, medicate, narcotize, physic. Informal dope (up). See drugs/temperance.

Any drug containing or derived from opium. Opiates include codeine and morphine. All opiates are narcotic analgesics, some of which are on the World Anti-Doping Agency's 2005 Prohibited List.

n.

An unlocked door in the prison of Identity. It leads into the jail yard.

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1. any of a group of narcotic drugs structurally related to and including morphine all of which are derived from opium. The group includes codeine, papaverine, and thebaine. The term is sometimes extended to include the opioids (def. 1) and any other naturally occurring, semisynthetic, or synthetic narcotic substance with similar properties and whose effects may be reversed by recognized morphine antagonists.
2. consisting of or containing opium; having narcotic properties similar to those of opium.

Any sedative narcotic containing opium or any of its derivatives. Used chiefly to induce sleep and to suppress cough. See also opioid.

• endogenous o. — naturally occurring substances with opiate effects.

1. a remedy containing or derived from opium. n 2. any drug that induces sleep.

• PHARMACOLOGY - opiate: derivative of opium that depresses central nervous system, relieves pain, and induces sleep
• Drug Names and Forms - opiate: narcotic derived from or containing opium

For other uses see Opiate (disambiguation), or for the class of drugs see Opioid.

Harvesting the poppy pod.

In medicine, the term opiate describes any of the narcotic opioid alkaloids found as natural products in the opium poppy plant, Papaver somniferum.^[1]

Contents 1 Overview 2 Terminology 3 The alkaloids 3.1 Morphine 3.2 Codeine 3.3 Esters of Morphine 3.4 Withdrawal effects 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

Overview

Opiates are so named because they are constituents or derivatives of alkaloids found in opium, which is processed from the latex sap of the opium poppy. The major biologically active opiates found in opium are morphine, codeine, and thebaine. Semi-synthetic opiates such as hydrocodone, hydromorphone, and oxymorphone are derived from these substances. Papaverine, noscapine and approximately 24 other alkaloids are also present in opium, but have little to no effect on the human central nervous system, and are not considered to be opiates.

Opiates belong to the large biosynthetic group of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids.

The full synthesis of opiates from naphthoquinone (Gates synthesis) or from other simple organic starting materials is tedious and not economical. Thus, most of the opiate-type analgesics in use today are extracted from Papaver somniferum or semi-synthesized from thebaine.^[2]

Terminology

In the traditional sense, opiate has referred to only the alkaloids in opium and the natural and semi-synthetic derivatives of opium. The term is often incorrectly used to refer to all drugs with opium- or morphine-like pharmacological action, which are more properly classified under the broader terms opioid.

The alkaloids

Morphine

Main article: Morphine

Chemical structure of morphine

The most frequently-reported occurrences of opiate-induced pulmonary edema are among recreational heroin users.^[3][4] Although uncommon, reports of morphine-induced pulmonary edema are not unheard of.^[5] The primary difference is the more careful supervision of morphine administration compared to the lack of supervision and medical expertise among illicit heroin users. On the other hand, morphine may also be used in the treatment of pulmonary edema.^[6][7] Despite morphine's being the most medically-significant alkaloid, larger quantities of the milder codeine—most of it manufactured from morphine—are consumed medically, as codeine has a greater and more predictable oral bioavailability than morphine, making it easier to titrate one's dose.

Morphine addiction cure advertisement in the year 1900

As heroin is not pharmacologically active it must first be metabolized. The active metabolites of heroin are morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine and 3-monoacetylmorphine.

Codeine

Main article: Codeine

Codeine

Esters of Morphine

Semi-natural opiates that are either morphine prodrugs or are so similar to morphine that they are not semi-synthetic, but are more natural in nature due to the fact that they are morphine salts. Examples of such drugs include diacetylmorphine (morphine diacetate; heroin) (morphine prodrug), the metabolite 6-MAM (morphine prodrug), nicomorphine (morphine dinicotinate), dipropanoylmorphine (morphine dipropionate), desomorphine (di-hydro-desoxy-morphine), methyldesorphine, acetylpropionylmorphine, dibenzoylmorphine, diacetyldihydromorphine, and several others.^[8]

Withdrawal effects

Opiate withdrawal syndrome effects are associated with cessation of prolonged opiate usage.

In facilities the logical threat of relapse is possible when Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome is under-emphasized to patients in transitional phases, especially with short-term suboxone, methadone or health facilities.

See also

• Opiate comparison

References

1. ^ "Opiate - Definitions from Dictionary.com". dictionary.reference.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Opiate. Retrieved 2008-07-04. 
2. ^ Synthesis of morphine alkaloids Presentation School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign retrieved 12-02-2010
3. ^ Sporer KA, Dorn E (Nov 2001). "Heroin-related noncardiogenic pulmonary edema : a case series". Chest 120 (5): 1628–32. doi:10.1378/chest.120.5.1628. PMID 11713145. http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11713145. 
4. ^ Steensen P, Jørgensen HS, Juhl B (Sep 1993). "[Heroin-induced pulmonary edema]" (in Danish). Ugeskr. Laeg. 155 (37): 2866–8. PMID 8259608. 
5. ^ Wang WS, Chiou TJ, Hsieh RK, Liu JH, Yen CC, Chen PM (Oct 1997). "Lethal acute pulmonary edema following intravenous naloxone in a patient received unrelated bone marrow transplantation". Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 60 (4): 219–23. PMID 9439052. http://www.vghtpe.gov.tw/~cmj/6004/600408.htm. ^{[dead link]}
6. ^ Pino F, Puerta H, D'Apollo R, et al. (Feb 1993). "Effectiveness of morphine in non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema due to chlorine gas inhalation". Vet Hum Toxicol 35 (1): 36. PMID 8434449. 
7. ^ Mattu A, Martinez JP, Kelly BS (Nov 2005). "Modern management of cardiogenic pulmonary edema". Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 23 (4): 1105–25. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2005.07.005. PMID 16199340. 
8. ^ "Esters of Morphine". United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. http://www.unodc.org. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1953-01-01_2_page009.html. Retrieved 10 March 2012. 

External links

• World Health Organization guidelines for the availability and accessibility of controlled substances

v t e Opioids Opium and poppy straw derivatives Crude opiate extracts/ whole opium products Compote/Kompot/Polish heroin Diascordium B & O Supprettes Dover's powder Kendal Black Drop Laudanum Mithridate Opium Paregoric Poppy straw concentrate Poppy tea Smoking opium Theriac Natural opiates Opium alkaloids see also: Components of opium Codeine Morphine Oripavine Pseudomorphine Thebaine Alkaloid salts mixtures Pantopon Papaveretum (Omnopon) Semisynthetics including Bentley compounds Morphine family 2,4-Dinitrophenylmorphine 6-Methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine Azidomorphine Chlornaltrexamine Dihydrodesoxymorphine (Desomorphine) Dihydromorphine Hydromorphinol Methyldesorphine N-Phenethylnormorphine RAM-378 3,6-diesters of morphine Acetylpropionylmorphine Diacetyldihydromorphine (Dihydroheroin, Acetylmorphinol) Dibenzoylmorphine Dipropanoylmorphine Heroin (Diacetylmorphine) Nicomorphine Codeine-dionine family 6-Monoacetylcodeine Benzylmorphine Codeine methylbromide Methyldihydromorphine (Dihydroheterocodeine) Ethylmorphine (Dionine) Heterocodeine Morpholinylethylmorphine (Pholcodine) Myrophine Morphinones and morphols 14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone 14-Ethoxymetopon 14-Methoxymetopon 14-Phenylpropoxymetopon 6-Methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine 7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone Acetylmorphone Codeinone Codorphone Codoxime IBNtxA Thebacon (Acetyldihydrocodeinone / Dihydrocodeinone enol acetate) Hydrocodone Hydromorphone Metopon Morphinone N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon Nalmexone Oxycodone Oxymorphol Oxymorphone Pentamorphone Semorphone Morphides Chloromorphide Dihydrocodeine series 14-hydroxydihydrocodeine Acetyldihydrocodeine Dihydrocodeine Nicocodeine Nicodicodeine Nitrogen morphine derivatives Morphine-N-Oxide Hydrazones Oxymorphazone Halogenated morphine derivatives 1-Iodomorphine Active opiate metabolites Morphine-6-glucuronide 6-Monoacetylmorphine Norcodeine Normorphine Morphinans Butorphanol Cyclorphan Cyprodime Dextrallorphan Drotebanol Ketorphanol Levallorphan Levorphanol Levophenacylmorphan Levomethorphan Morphinan-3-ol Nalbuphine Norlevorphanol Oxilorphan Phenomorphan Proxorphan Racemethorphan/Methorphan Racemorphanol/Morphanol Ro4-1539 Sinomenine/Cocculine Xorphanol Benzomorphans 8-CAC Alazocine Anazocine Bremazocine Butinazocine Carbazocine Cogazocine Dezocine Eptazocine Etazocine Ethylketazocine Fluorophen Ibazocine Ketazocine Metazocine Moxazocine Pentazocine Phenazocine Tonazocine Volazocine Zenazocine 4-Phenylpiperidines Pethidines (Meperidines) 4-Fluoromeperidine Allylnorpethidine Anileridine Benzethidine Carperidine Difenoxin Diphenoxylate Etoxeridine (Carbetidine) Furethidine Hydroxypethidine (Bemidone) Morpheridine Oxpheneridine (Carbamethidine) Pethidine (Meperidine) Pethidine Intermediate A Pethidine Intermediate B (Norpethidine) Pethidine Intermediate C (Pethidinic Acid) Pheneridine Phenoperidine Piminodine Properidine (Ipropethidine) Sameridine Prodines Allylprodine Meprodine (α-meprodine / β-meprodine) MPPP (Desmethylprodine) PEPAP Prodine (α-prodine / β-prodine) Prosidol Trimeperidine (Promedol) Ketobemidones Acetoxyketobemidone Droxypropine Ketobemidone Methylketobemidone Propylketobemidone Others Alvimopan Loperamide Picenadol Open chain opioids Amidones Dipipanone Isomethadone Levomethadone Methadone Normethadone Norpipanone Phenadoxone (Heptazone) Methadols Acetylmethadol Alphacetylmethadol Alphamethadol Betacetylmethadol Betamethadol Dimepheptanol (methadol) Levacetylmethadol Noracymethadol Moramides Desmethylmoramide Dextromoramide Levomoramide Moramide/Racemoramide Thiambutenes Diethylthiambutene Dimethylthiambutene Ethylmethylthiambutene Piperidylthiambutene Pyrrolidinylthiambutene Thiambutene Tipepidine Phenalkoxams Dextropropoxyphene (Propoxyphene) Dimenoxadol Dioxaphetyl Butyrate Levopropoxyphene Norpropoxyphene Ampromides Diampromide Phenampromide Propiram Others Alimadol IC-26 Isoaminile Lefetamine R-4066 Anilidopiperidines 3-Allylfentanyl 3-Methylfentanyl 3-Methylthiofentanyl 4-Phenylfentanyl Alfentanil α-methylacetylfentanyl α-methylfentanyl α-methylthiofentanyl β-hydroxyfentanyl β-hydroxythiofentanyl β-methylfentanyl Brifentanil Carfentanil Fentanyl Lofentanil Mirfentanil Ocfentanil Ohmefentanyl Parafluorofentanyl Phenaridine Remifentanil Sufentanil Thiofentanyl Trefentanil Oripavine derivatives 7-PET Acetorphine Alletorphine BU-48 Buprenorphine Cyprenorphine Dihydroetorphine Etorphine Homprenorphine Norbuprenorphine Phenazepanes Ethoheptazine Meptazinol Metheptazine Metethoheptazine Proheptazine Pirinitramides Bezitramide Piritramide Benzimidazoles Clonitazene Etonitazene Indoles 18-MC 7-Hydroxymitragynine Akuammine Eseroline Hodgkinsine Mitragynine Pericine Diphenylmethylpiperazines BW373U86 DPI-221 DPI-287 DPI-3290 SNC-80 Opioid peptides see also: Opioid neuropeptides Adrenorphin Amidorphin Biphalin Casokefamide Casomorphin Cytochrophin DADLE DAMGO Deltorphin Dermorphin Dynorphin Endomorphin Endorphin Enkephalin Frakefamide Gliadorphin Hemorphin Leumorphin Metkefamide Morphiceptin Neoendorphin Nociceptin Octreotide Opiorphin Rubiscolin Spinorphin TRIMU 5 Tynorphin Valorphin Others AD-1211 AH-7921 Azaprocin BDPC BRL-52537 Bromadoline Bromadol C-8813 Ciramadol Doxpicomine Enadoline Faxeladol GR-89696 Herkinorin ICI-199,441 ICI-204,448 J-113,397 JTC-801 Ketamine LPK-26 MCOPPB Methopholine MT-45 N-Desmethylclozapine NNC 63-0532 Nortilidine O-Desmethyltramadol Phenadone Phencyclidine Prodilidine Profadol Ro64-6198 Salvinorin A SB-612,111 SC-17599 RWJ-394,674 TAN-67 Tapentadol Tifluadom Tilidine Tramadol Trimebutine U-50,488 U-69,593 Viminol W-18 Opioid antagonists & inverse agonists 5'-Guanidinonaltrindole Alvimopan Chlornaltrexamine Chloroxymorphamine Conorfone Cyclazocine Cyprodime Diacetylnalorphine Difenamizole Diprenorphine (M5050) Gemazocine JDTic Levallorphan LY-255,582 Methylnaltrexone Nalbuphine Naldemedine Nalmefene Nalmexone Naloxazone Naloxegol Naloxonazine Naloxone Nalorphine Nalorphine dinicotinate Naltrexol-d4 Naltrexone Naltriben Naltrindole Norbinaltorphimine Oxilorphan Quadazocine Tonazocine Zenazocine Uncategorized opioids Anilopam Asimadoline Axomadol FE 200665 Fedotozine Nalfurafine Nalorphine Nalorphine dinicotinate SoRI-9409 List of opioids

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Dansk (Danish)
adj. - opiumholdig
n. - opiat, bedøvende middel
v. tr. - bedøve ved opium, få til at sove

Nederlands (Dutch)
opium bevattend, uit opium gewonnen, pijnstillend, slaapverwekkend, bedwelmend, medicijn op basis van opium, (met opium) bedwelmen

Français (French)
adj. - opiacé
n. - opiacé, narcotique
v. tr. - alourdir, engourdir (comme par un narcotique), endormir (comme sous l'effet d'un narcotique)

Deutsch (German)
n. - (Med.) Opiat, Beruhigungsmittel
v. - mit Opium vermischen, betäuben
adj. - Opium-, betäubend

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (φαρμακολ.) υπνωτικό, ναρκωτικό, οπιούχο
v. - αναμειγνύω με όπιο, αποβλακώνω
adj. - (φαρμακολ.) οπιούχος

Italiano (Italian)
narcotico, oppiato, tranquillante, oppiare

Português (Portuguese)
n. - opiato (m), narcótico (m)
v. - narcotizar, opiar

Русский (Russian)
опиат, опиум, опиумный

Español (Spanish)
adj. - narcótico, opiado, somnífero, adormecedor
n. - opiato, narcótico, somnífero
v. tr. - mezclar con opio, dormir con opio, narcotizar

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - opiat, narkotikum
v. - söva med opium, blanda opium (i ngt)
adj. - opiumhaltig, sömngivande

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
含鸦片的, 起镇静作用的, 催眠性的, 鸦片剂, 使麻醉, 使缓和

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
adj. - 含鴉片的, 起鎮靜作用的, 催眠性的
n. - 鴉片劑
v. tr. - 使麻醉, 使緩和

한국어 (Korean)
adj. - 아편이든, 최면의
n. - 아편제, 진정제
v. tr. - 아편을 섞다, (감각을) 둔하게 하다

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - アヘン剤, 麻酔薬
adj. - アヘンを含む, 催眠の, 鎮痛の
v. - 麻痺させる, 鈍らせる

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) مستحضر أفيوني (فعل) يسكن ( الألم) (صفه) مسكن‏

עברית (Hebrew)
adj. - ‮של אופיום, של סם מקהה-חושים‬
n. - ‮סם מרגיע, סם שינה‬
v. tr. - ‮ערבב עם אופיום, הימם‬

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