Orbit

Orbit (anatomy)
The seven bones that articulate to form the orbit. yellow = Frontal bone green = Lacrimal bone brown = Ethmoid bone blue = Zygomatic bone purple = Maxillary bone aqua = Palatine bone red = Sphenoid bone teal = Nasal bone The nasal bone is illustrated but does not form part of the orbit
Latin	orbitae
Gray's	subject #46 188
MeSH	Orbit

In anatomy, the orbital bone is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated.

It can also mean the skin which surrounds the eye of a bird.

In the adult human, the volume of the orbit is 30 ml, of which the eye occupies 6.5 ml.^[1]

Definition

The orbits are conical or four-sided pyramidal cavities, which open into the midline of the face and point back into the head. Each consists of a base, an apex and four walls. They are intended to protect the eye from mechanical injury.^[2]

The base, which opens in the face, has four borders. The following bones take part in their formation:

• 1. Superior margin: frontal bone
• 2. Inferior margin: maxilla and zygomatic
• 3. Medial margin: frontal, lacrimal and maxilla
• 4. Lateral margin: zygomatic and frontal

The apex lies near the medial end of superior orbital fissure and contains the optic canal which communicates with middle cranial fossa.

The roof (superior wall) is formed by the orbital plate frontal bone and the lesser wing of sphenoid. The orbital surface presents medially by trochlear fovea and laterally by lacrimal fossa

The floor (inferior wall) is formed by the orbital surface of maxilla, the orbital surface of zygomatic bone and the orbital process of palatine bone. Medially near the orbital margin is located the groove for nasolacrimal duct. Near the middle of the floor, located infraorbital groove, which leads to the infraorbital foramen. The floor is separated from the lateral wall by inferior orbital fissure, which connects the orbit to pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossa.

The medial wall is formed by the frontal process of maxilla, lacrimal bone, orbital plate of ethmoid and a small part of the body of the sphenoid.

The Lateral wall is formed by the orbital process of zygomatic and the orbital plate of greater wing of sphenoid. The bones meet at the zygomaticosphenoid suture. The lateral wall is the thickest wall of the orbit. The optic foramen, which contains the optic nerve and the large ophthalmic artery, is at the nasal side of the apex, while a larger entry, while veins non-visual sensations such as pain pass through the superior orbital fissure, among other fissures.

Protrusion

In the orbit, surrounding the eyeball and its muscles, is a layer of fat that helps the eye rotate around a fixed center of rotation. If excess liquid is collected in the fat cushion tissue, the eye may protrude. Alternately, the eye may make an illusion of protrusion in extreme fear, not from the contraction of smooth muscle of the orbit, but based on the widening of the eyelids and dilation of the pupil (all commanded by the sympathetic nervous system.^[3]

Contents

• Eyeball
• Fascias: Orbital, Bulbar
• Extraocular muscles (Levator Palpebrae Superioris, Superior, Inferior, Lateral and Medial Rectus muscles, Superior and Inferior Oblique Muscles)
• Nerves: cranial nerves II, III, IV, V, and VI
• Blood vessels
• Extraocular Fat
• Lacrimal gland, Lacrimal sac, Nasolacrimal duct
• Eyelids
• Medial palpebral ligament and Lateral palpebral ligament
• Medial and Lateral Check ligaments
• Suspensory ligament of the eyeball
• Conjunctiva
• Trochlea
• Orbital septum
• Ciliary ganglion and short ciliary nerves

Bones

In humans, seven bones make up the bony orbit:

• Frontal bone (Pars orbitalis)
• Lacrimal bone
• Ethmoid bone (Lamina papyracea)
• Zygomatic bone (Orbital process of the zygomatic bone)
• Maxillary bone (Orbital surface of the body of the maxilla)
• Palatine bone (Orbital process of palatine bone)
• Sphenoid bone (Greater and lesser wings)

Foramina and openings

1. Optic foramen
2. Superior orbital fissure
3. Inferior orbital fissure
4. Anterior ethmoidal foramen
5. Posterior ethmoidal foramen
6. Infraorbital foramen
7. Supraorbital foramen
8. Naso-lacrimal canal opening
9. Zygomatic orbital foramen

Additional images

The skull from the front.	Medial wall of left orbit.	Dissection showing origins of right ocular muscles, and nerves entering by the superior orbital fissure.	Coronal section of nasal cavities.
	Lateral orbit anatomy	Lateral orbit nerves	The orbit in relation to the other skull openings in the dinosaur Massospondylus.

References

1. ^ Duane's Ophthalmology, Chapter 32 Embryology and Anatomy of the Orbit and Lacrimal System . (eds Tasman W, Jaeger EA) Lippincott/Williams & Wilkins, 2007
2. ^ "eye, human."Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 2009
3. ^ "eye, human."Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD

External links

• oph/2 at eMedicine - "Arterial Supply, Orbit"
• SUNY Labs 29:os-0501
• Atlas of anatomy at UMich eye_5
• Atlas of anatomy at UMich rsa2p4
• Interactive tutorial at anatome.ncl.ac.uk

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