"The canonical example of extrinsic curvature is that of a circle, which has curvature equal to the inverse of its radius everywhere. Smaller circles bend more sharply, and hence have higher curvature. The curvature of a smooth curve is defined as the curvature of its osculating circle at each point."
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The quadrant is the one of the four quaters of a circle. It is the math term for a 1/4 of a circle.
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An open circle is usually found on a number line in math. An
open circle usually represents a number that is not included in the
line.
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Basically, the circumference of a circle is the perimeter of the
circle.