See also: Index of Buddhism-related articles
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Major figures |
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Four Noble Truths |
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Practices and attainment |
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Buddhahood · Bodhisattva |
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Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices considered by most to be a religion and is based on the teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as "The Buddha" (the Awakened One), who was born in what is today Nepal. He lived and taught in the northeastern region of the Indian subcontinent and most likely died around 400 BCE.
Buddhists recognize him as an awakened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering by understanding the true nature of phenomena, thereby escaping the cycle of dukkha and rebirth (saṃsāra), that is, achieving Nirvana. Among the methods various schools of Buddhism apply towards this goal are: ethical conduct and altruistic behaviour, devotional practices, ceremonies and the invocation of bodhisattvas, renunciation of worldly matters, cultivating continuous mindfulness, meditation, physical exercises, study, and the cultivation of wisdom.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Buddhism:
Main article
The Buddha
Main article: Gautama Buddha
- Tathāgata (Thus Come One, Thus Gone One) — epithet of the Buddha that he employed primarily when referring to himself
- Buddha's Birthday
- Four sights — observations which affected Prince Siddhartha deeply and made him realize the sufferings of all beings, and compelled him to begin his spiritual journey
- Qualities of the Buddha
- Abandonment of all defilements (Kilesa — principally greed, hatred and delusion) together with their residual impressions (vasana)
- All defilements have been abandoned totally — all defilements have been destroyed with none remaining
- All defilements have been abandoned completely — each defilement has been destroyed at the root, without residue
- All defilements have been abandoned finally — no defilement can ever arise again in the future
- Acquisition of all virtues
- Mahapañña — Great Wisdom
- Extensiveness of range — understanding the totality of existent phenomena
- Profundity of view — understanding the precise mode of existence of each phenomenon
- Maha-karuṇā — Great Compassion
- Mahapañña — Great Wisdom
- Abandonment of all defilements (Kilesa — principally greed, hatred and delusion) together with their residual impressions (vasana)
- Physical characteristics of the Buddha
- Buddha footprint
- Buddharupa — Buddha statue
- Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand
- Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film
- Miracles of Gautama Buddha
- List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed
- Prabashvara — colours of Buddha's aura
- Nila — sapphire blue
- Pita — golden yellow
- Lohita — crimson
- Odata — white
- Manjesta — scarlet
- Family of Gautama Buddha
- Śuddhodana — Father
- Maya — Mother
- Yasodharā — Wife
- Rāhula — Son
- Mahapajapati Gotami — Foster mother
- Nanda — Half-brother
- Ananda — Cousin
- Anuruddha — Cousin
- Devadatta — Cousin
- Teachers of the Bodhisatta Gotama
- Alara Kalama — taught Gautama the dimension of nothingness
- Uddaka Ramaputta — taught Gautama the dimension of neither perception nor non-perception
Doctrines of Buddhism
Main articles: Dharma (Buddhism) and Glossary of Buddhism
Three Jewels
Main article: Three Jewels
- Buddha — Gautama Buddha, the Awakened One, the Teacher
- Araham — Holy
- Sammasambuddho — Fully Enlightened
- Vijjacaranasanpanno — Perfect in Knowledge and Conduct
- Sugato — Welfarer
- Lokavidu — World-knower
- Anuttaro-purisadammasarathi — The incomparable leader of men to be tamed
- Sattha Devamanussanam — Teacher of gods and mankind
- Buddho — Awakened
- Bhagava — Blessed
- Dhamma — the teachings of the Buddha
- Svakkhato Bhagavata Dhammo — well-proclaimed by the Blessed One, admirable in the beginning, admirable in the middle, admirable in the end
- Sanditthiko — able to be examined
- Akaliko — followed by fruit without delay (of immediate result)
- Ehipassiko — which you can come and see
- Opaneyyiko — to be brought inward
- Paccattam Veditabbo Vinnuhi — to be personally known by the wise
- Sangha — the Community of Enlightened disciples of the Buddha
- Suppatipanno Bhagavato Savakasamgho — The disciples of the Blessed One practice well the threefold training of morality, concentration and wisdom
- Ujuppatipanno Bhagavato Savakasamgho — The disciples of the Blessed One practice righteously the threefold training
- Nyayappatipanno Bhagavato Savakasamgho — The disciples of the Blessed One practice to realize nibbana
- Samicippatipanno Bhagavato Savakasamgho — The disciples of the Blessed One practice to be worthy of veneration
- Ahuneyyo — They are worthy of receiving offerings brought even from afar
- Pahuneyyo — They are worthy of receiving offerings specially set aside for guests
- Dakkhineyyo — They are worthy of receiving offerings offered with the belief that the offering will bear fruits in future existences
- Anjalikaraniyo — They are worthy of receiving reverential salutation
- Anuttaram Punnakkhettam Lokassa — They are an unsurpassed (incomparable) fertile field for planting the seeds of merit for the world
Four Noble Truths
Main article: Four Noble Truths
1. The Noble Truth of Suffering
- Dukkha — Suffering (to be fully understood)
2. The Noble Truth of the Cause of Suffering
3. The Noble Truth of the Cessation of Suffering
- Nirodha — Nirvana (to be realized)
- Saupadisesa Nibbana — Nibbana element with residue remaining
- Anupadisesa Nibbana — Nibbana element without a residue remaining
4. The Noble Truth of the Path leading to the Cessation of Suffering
- Magga — Noble Eightfold Path (to be developed)
- Right view
- Right intention
- Right speech
- Right action
- Right livelihood
- Right effort
- Right mindfulness
- Right concentration
Three Marks of Existence
Main article: Three marks of existence
Five Aggregates
Main article: Skandha
- Rūpa — Materiality
- Vedanā — Feeling
- Sukha — Pleasant feeling
- Dukkha — Painful feeling
- Adukkham-asukhā — Neither-painful-nor-pleasant (neutral) feeling
- Saṃjñā — Perception
- Saṅkhāra — Mental formations (see below)
- Vijñāna — Consciousness
Dependent Origination
Main article: Pratītyasamutpāda
Idappaccayatā — This/That Conditionality
When this is, that is.
From the arising of this comes the arising of that.
When this isn't, that isn't.
From the cessation of this comes the cessation of that.
Twelve Links
Main article: Twelve Nidānas
Former life
- Avidyā — Ignorance
- Not knowing about suffering
- Not knowing about the origin of suffering
- Not knowing about the cessation of suffering
- Not knowing about the way leading to the cessation of suffering
- Saṅkhāra — Volitional formations
- Bodily formation
- Verbal formation
- Mental formation
Current life
- Vijñāna — Consciousness
- Eye-consciousness
- Ear-consciousness
- Nose-consciousness
- Tongue-consciousness
- Body-consciousness
- Mind-consciousness
- Namarupa — Mentality-materiality
- Ṣaḍāyatana — Six sense bases
- Eye-base
- Ear-base
- Nose-base
- Tongue-base
- Body-base
- Mind-base
- Sparśa — Contact
- Eye-contact
- Ear-contact
- Nose-contact
- Tongue-contact
- Body-contact
- Mind-contact
- Vedanā — Feeling
- Feeling born of eye-contact
- Feeling born of ear-contact
- Feeling born of nose-contact
- Feeling born of tongue-contact
- Feeling born of body-contact
- Feeling born of mind-contact
- Taṇhā — Craving
- Craving for forms
- Craving for sounds
- Craving for odors
- Craving for flavors
- Craving for tangibles
- Craving for mind-objects
- Upādāna — Clinging
- Clinging to sensual pleasures
- Clinging to views
- Clinging to rituals and observances
- Clinging to a doctrine of self
- Bhava — Being
- Sense-sphere being
- Fine-material being
- Immaterial being
Future life
- Jāti — Birth
- Jarāmaraṇa — Old age and death; sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair
Transcendental Dependent Origination
- Dukkha — Suffering
- Saddhā — Faith
- Pāmojja — Joy
- Pīti — Rapture
- Passaddhi — Tranquillity
- Sukha — Happiness
- Samādhi — Concentration
- Yathābhūta-ñāna-dassana — Knowledge and vision of things as they are
- Nibbidā — Disenchantment with worldly life
- Virāga — Dispassion
- Vimutti — Freedom
- Āsava-khaye-ñāna — Knowledge of destruction of the cankers
Karma
Main article: Karma in Buddhism
- Vipāka — Result of karma
- Cetana — Intention
- Kusala — Wholesome
- Akusala — Unwholesome
- Kammadvara — Three doors of action
- Mula — Roots
- Unwholesome
- Lobha — Greed
- Dosa — Hatred
- Moha — Delusion
- Wholesome
- Alobha — Non-greed (renunciation, detachment, generosity)
- Adosa — Non-hatred (loving-kindness, sympathy, gentleness)
- Amoha — Non-delusion (wisdom)
- Unwholesome
- Kammapatha — Courses of action
- Unwholesome
- Bodily
- Destroying life
- Taking what is not given
- Wrong conduct in regard to sense pleasures
- Verbal
- False speech
- Slanderous speech
- Harsh speech
- Idle chatter
- Mental
- Covetousness
- Ill will
- Wrong view
- Bodily
- Wholesome
- Bodily
- Abstaining from destroying life
- Abstaining from taking what is not given
- Abstaining from wrong conduct in regard to sense pleasures
- Verbal
- Abstaining from false speech
- Abstaining from slanderous speech
- Abstaining from harsh speech
- Abstaining from idle chatter
- Mental
- Being free from covetousness
- Being free from ill will
- Holding right view
- Bodily
- Unwholesome
- Function
- Janaka kamma — Reproductive kamma - that which produces mental aggregates and material aggregates at the moment of conception
- Upatthambhaka kamma — Supportive kamma - that which comes near the Reproductive Kamma and supports it
- Upapidaka kamma — Obstructive kamma - that which tends to weaken, interrupt and retard the fruition of the Reproductive Kamma
- Upaghataka kamma — Destructive kamma - that which not only obstructs but also destroys the whole force of the Reproductive Kamma
- Order to take effect
- Garuka kamma — Weighty kamma - that which produces its results in this life or in the next for certain
- Anantarika-karma — Five heinous crimes, causing rebirth in hell immediately after death
- Asanna kamma — Proximate kamma - that which one does or remembers immediately before the dying moment
- Acinna kamma — Habitual kamma - that which one habitually performs and recollects and for which one has a great liking
- Katatta kamma — Reserve kamma - refers to all actions that are done once and soon forgotten
- Garuka kamma — Weighty kamma - that which produces its results in this life or in the next for certain
- Time of taking effect
- Ditthadhammavedaniya kamma — Immediately effective kamma
- Upapajjavedaniya kamma — Subsequently effective kamma
- Aparapariyavedaniya kamma — Indefinitely effective kamma
- Ahosi kamma — Defunct kamma
- Place of taking effect
- Kamavacara — Immoral (Akusala) Kamma pertaining to the Sense-Sphere
- Kamavacara — Moral (Kusala) Kamma pertaining to the Sense-Sphere
- Rupavacara — Moral Kamma pertaining to the Form-Sphere
- Arupavacara — Moral Kamma pertaining to the Formless-Sphere
- Niyama Dhammas
- Utu Niyama — Physical Inorganic Order (seasonal changes and climate), the natural law pertaining to physical objects and changes in the natural environment, such as the weather; the way flowers bloom in the day and fold up at night; the way soil, water and nutrients help a tree to grow; and the way things disintegrate and decompose. This perspective emphasizes the changes brought about by heat or temperature
- Bija Niyama — Physical Organic Order (laws of heredity), the natural law pertaining to heredity, which is best described in the adage, “as the seed, so the fruit”
- Citta Niyama — Order of Mind and Psychic Law (will of mind), the natural law pertaining to the workings of the mind, the process of cognition of sense objects and the mental reactions to them
- Kamma Niyama — Order of Acts and Results (consequences of one's actions), the natural law pertaining to human behavior, the process of the generation of action and its results. In essence, this is summarized in the words, “good deeds bring good results, bad deeds bring bad results”
- Dhamma Niyama — Order of the Norm (nature's tendency to produce a perfect type), the natural law governing the relationship and interdependence of all things: the way all things arise, exist and then cease. All conditions are subject to change, are in a state of affliction and are not self: this is the Norm
Rebirth
Main article: Rebirth (Buddhism)
- Saṃsāra — the cycle of becoming, the round of birth, aging and death, which has been revolving through beginningless time
Buddhist cosmology
Main article: Buddhist cosmology
- Six realms
- Deva — Heaven
- Tusita — one of the six deva-worlds of the Kāmadhātu
- Tāvatiṃsa — the fifth of the heavens of the Kāmadhātu, and the highest of the heavens that maintains a physical connection with the rest of the world
- Four Heavenly Kings
- Asura — Demigod realm
- Human realm
- Preta — Hungry Ghost realm
- Animal realm
- Naraka — Hell
- Avici — the lowest level of the hell realm
- Deva — Heaven
- Trailokya — Three planes of existence
- Kāmaloka — world of desire
- Rūpaloka — world of form
- Arūpaloka — world of formlessness
- Ten spiritual realms
- Buddhahood
- Bodhisattva — Bodhisattvahood
- Pratyekabuddha — Realization
- Sāvakabuddha — Learning
- Deva — Heaven
- Asura — Paranoid jealousy
- Human beings in Buddhism — Humanity
- Animals in Buddhism — Animality
- Preta — Hunger
- Naraka — Hell
Sense bases
Main article: Ayatana
- Ṣaḍāyatana — Six sense bases
Faculties
Main article: Indriya
- Six sensory faculties
- Eye/vision faculty (cakkh-undriya)
- Ear/hearing faculty (sot-indriya)
- Nose/smell faculty (ghān-indriya)
- Tongue/taste faculty (jivh-indriya)
- Body/sensibility faculty (kāy-indriya)
- Mind faculty (man-indriya)
- Three physical faculties
- Femininity (itth-indriya)
- Masculinity (puris-indriya)
- Life or vitality (jīvit-indriya)
- Five feeling faculties
- Five spiritual faculties
- Faith (saddh-indriya)
- Energy (viriy-indriya)
- Mindfulness (sat-indriya)
- Concentration (samādhi-indriya)
- Wisdom (paññ-indriya)
- Three final-knowledge faculties
- Thinking "I shall know the unknown" (anaññāta-ñassāmīt-indriya)
- Gnosis (aññ-indriya)
- One who knows (aññātā-vindriya)
Formations
Main article: Saṅkhāra
- Seven Sabbacittasādhāraṇa cetasikas — universals; ethically variable mental factors common to all consciousnesses
- Six Pakiṇṇaka cetasikas — occasionals; ethically variable mental factors found only in certain consciousnesses
- Fourteen Akusala cetasikas — unwholesome mental factors
- Four found in all unwholesome consciousnesses:
- Moha — delusion
- Ahirika — lack of shame
- Anottappa — disregard for consequence
- Uddhacca — restlessness
- Ten found only in certain unwholesome consciousnesses:
- Four found in all unwholesome consciousnesses:
- Twenty-five Sobhana cetasikas — beautiful mental factors
- Nineteen found in all wholesome consciousnesses:
- Saddhā — faith
- Sati — mindfulness
- Hiri — shame at doing evil
- Ottappa — regard for consequence
- Alobha — lack of greed
- Adosa — lack of hatred
- Tatramajjhattatā — balance, neutrality of mind
- Kāyapassaddhi — tranquillity of mental body
- Cittapassaddhi — tranquillity of consciousness
- Kāyalahutā — lightness of mental body
- Cittalahutā — lightness of consciousness
- Kāyamudutā — softness/malleability of mental body
- Cittamudutā — softness/malleability of consciousness
- Kāyakammaññatā — readiness/wieldiness of mental body
- Cittakammaññatā — readiness/wieldiness of consciousness
- Kāyapāguññatā — proficiency of mental body
- Cittapāguññatā — proficiency of consciousness
- Kāyujukatā — straightness/rectitude of mental body
- Cittujukatā — straightness/rectitude of consciousness
- Three Abstinences (virati):
- Sammāvācā — right speech
- Sammākammanta — right action
- Sammā-ājīva — right livelihood
- Two Illimitables (appamañña):
- One Faculty of understanding (paññindriya):
- Paññā — understanding, wisdom
- Nineteen found in all wholesome consciousnesses:
Six Great Elements
Mind and Consciousness
- Citta — Mind, mindset, or state of mind
- Cetasika — Mental factors
- Manas — Mind, general thinking faculty
- Vijñāna — Consciousness
- Citta-saṃtāna — Mindstream, the moment-to-moment continuity of consciousness
- Bhavanga — the most fundamental aspect of mind in Theravada
- Pabhassara citta — Luminous mind
- Consciousness-only
- Eight Consciousnesses
- Papañca — Conceptual Proliferation, the deluded conceptualization of the world through the use of ever-expanding language and concepts
- Monkey mind — Unsettled, restless mind
Obstacles to Enlightenment
- Asava — Taints/effluents/fermentations/cankers
- Kama — Attachment to sensuality
- Bhava — Attachment to existence/to becoming
- Avidyā — Ignorance of the dhamma (of the way things are)
- Diṭṭhi — Attachment to opinions/views (most Suttas do not include this one—Abhidhamma does)
- Kleśā — Defilements
- Vipallasa — Four Perversions of view, thought and perception
- Anusaya — Latent tendencies
- Nivarana — Five Hindrances
- Kamacchanda — Sensual desire
- Vyapada — Ill will
- Thina-middha — Sloth and torpor
- Uddhacca-kukkucca — Restlessness and worry
- Vicikiccha — Doubt
- Samyojana — Ten Fetters
- Sakkāya-diṭṭhi — Belief in an individual self
- Vicikicchā — Doubt or uncertainty
- Sīlabbata-parāmāso — Attachment to rites and rituals
- Kāmacchando — Sensual desire
- Vyāpādo — Ill will
- Rūparāgo — Lust for material existence
- Arūparāgo — Lust for immaterial existence
- Māno — Conceit
- Uddhacca — Restlessness
- Avijjā — Ignorance
Eight Worldly Conditions
Main article: Eight Worldly Conditions
Three Moments
- Assāda — Gratification
- Ādinava — Danger
- Nissaraṇa — Escape
Three Primary Aims
- Human welfare here and now
- A favourable rebirth in the next life
- The attainment of Enlightenment
Three Divisions of the Dhamma
- Pariyatti — Study
- Patipatti — Practice
- Pativedha — Realization
Four Kinds of Nutriment
- Kabalinkaro — Physical food, either gross or subtle
- Phasso dutiyo — Contact
- Manosancetana — Mental volition
- Viññāṇa — Consciousness
Truth
Main article: Sacca
- Four Noble Truths
- Two truths doctrine
- Sammutisacca — Conventional truth
- Paramatthasacca — Ultimate truth
Higher Knowledge
Main article: Abhijna
- Iddhi-vidhā — Higher powers
- Multiplying the body into many and into one again
- Appearing and vanishing at will
- Passing through solid objects as if space
- Ability to rise and sink in the ground as if in water
- Walking on water as if land
- Flying through the skies
- Touching anything at any distance (even the moon or sun)
- Traveling to other worlds (like the world of Brahma) with or without the body
- Dibba-sota — Divine ear, that is, clairaudience
- Ceto-pariya-ñāṇa — Mind-penetrating knowledge, that is, telepathy
- Pubbe-nivās anussati — Remember one's former abodes, that is, recalling ones own past lives
- Dibba-cakkhu — Divine eye, that is, knowing others' karmic destinations
- Āsavakkhaya — Extinction of mental intoxicants, upon which arahantship follows
Great fruits of the contemplative life
Main article: Phala
- Upekkha — Equanimity
- Nibbhaya — Fearlessness
- Asukhacaadukkha — Freedom from unhappiness & suffering
- Samādhi — Meditative Absorption
- Manomaya — Out-of-Body experience
- Dibba-sota — Clairaudience
- Ceto-pariya-ñána — Intuition and mental telepathy
- Patisandhi — Recollection of past lives
- Dibba-cakkhu — Clairvoyance
- Samatha — Ends anxiety & mental agitation
Concepts unique to Mahayana and Vajrayana
- Bardo — Intermediate state
- Shinay bardo — the Bardo of This Life
- Milam bardo — the Bardo of Dream
- Samten bardo — the Bardo of Meditation
- Chikkhai bardo — the Bardo of Dying
- Chönyid bardo — the Bardo of Dharmata
- Sidpai bardo — the Bardo of Existence
- Bodhicitta — the wish to attain Buddhahood
- Bodhisattva — name given to anyone who has generated bodhicitta
- Buddha-nature — immortal potency or element within the purest depths of the mind, present in all sentient beings, for awakening and becoming a Buddha
- Dzogchen — the natural, primordial state or natural condition of every sentient being
- Eternal Buddha
- Lung (Tibetan Buddhism)
- Pure land
- Rainbow body — a body not made of flesh, but consists of pure light, an astral body
- Svabhava — Intrinsic nature
- Tathātā/Dharmatā — Thusness
- Dharmadhatu — Realm of Truth
- Terma
- Three Vajras
- Three Roots
- Lama
- Iṣṭha-deva(tā) — Yidam
- Dakini/Dharmapala
- Trikaya
- Upaya — Skillful means
Other concepts
- Dhātu — Elements
- Jnana — Knowledge
- Majjhimā paṭipadā — the Middle Way (the Buddhist path of non-extremism)
- Avoiding the extreme of sensual indulgence (kāmesu kāma-sukha-allika)
- Avoiding the extreme of self-mortification (atta-kilamatha)
- Sentient beings
- Śūnyatā — Emptiness
Buddhist practices
Buddhist devotion
Main article: Buddhist devotion
- Taking refuge in the Triple Gem
- Puja — Worship (see also: Abhisheka)
- Offerings
- Prostration
- Chanting
- Mantra
- Om mani padme hum
- Namo Amituofo
- Nam Myōhō Renge Kyō
- Buddho
- Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Sammasambuddhassa — Homage to the Blessed One, the Worthy One, the Fully Self-enlightened One
- Mantra
Moral discipline and precepts
Main article: Śīla
- Five Precepts
- Abstaining from taking life
- Abstaining from taking what is not given
- Abstaining from sexual misconduct
- Abstaining from false speech
- Abstaining from drinks and drugs that cause heedlessness
- Eight Precepts
- Abstaining from taking life (both human and non-human)
- Abstaining from taking what is not given (stealing)
- Abstaining from all sexual activity
- Abstaining from telling lies
- Abstaining from using intoxicating drinks and drugs which lead to carelessness
- Abstaining from eating at the wrong time (the right time is eating once, after sunrise, before noon)
- Abstaining from singing, dancing, playing music, attending entertainment performances, wearing perfume, and using cosmetics and garlands (decorative accessories)
- Abstaining from luxurious places for sitting or sleeping
- Ten Precepts
- Abstaining from killing living things
- Abstaining from stealing
- Abstaining from un-chastity (sensuality, sexuality, lust)
- Abstaining from lying
- Abstaining from taking intoxicants
- Abstaining from taking food at inappropriate times (after noon)
- Abstaining from singing, dancing, playing music or attending entertainment programs (performances)
- Abstaining from wearing perfume, cosmetics and garland (decorative accessories)
- Abstaining from sitting on high chairs and sleeping on luxurious, soft beds
- Abstaining from accepting money
- Sixteen Precepts
- Three Treasures
- Taking refuge in the Buddha
- Taking refuge in the Dharma
- Taking refuge in the Sangha
- Three Pure Precepts
- Not Creating Evil
- Practicing Good
- Actualizing Good For Others
- Ten Grave Precepts
- Affirm life; Do not kill
- Be giving; Do not steal
- Honor the body; Do not misuse sexuality
- Manifest truth; Do not lie
- Proceed clearly; Do not cloud the mind
- See the perfection; Do not speak of others errors and faults
- Realize self and other as one; Do not elevate the self and blame others
- Give generously; Do not be withholding
- Actualize harmony; Do not be angry
- Experience the intimacy of things; Do not defile the Three Treasures
- Three Treasures
- Vinaya
- Patimokkha (Pratimoksha) — Buddhist Monastic Code
- Parajika (defeats) — four rules entailing expulsion from the sangha for life
- Sexual intercourse, that is, any voluntary sexual interaction between a bhikkhu and a living being, except for mouth-to-mouth intercourse which falls under the Sanghadisesa
- Stealing, that is, the robbery of anything worth more than 1/24 troy ounce of gold (as determined by local law.)
- Intentionally bringing about the death of a human being, even if it is still an embryo — whether by killing the person, arranging for an assassin to kill the person, inciting the person to die, or describing the advantages of death
- Deliberately lying to another person that one has attained a superior human state, such as claiming to be an arahant when one knows one is not, or claiming to have attained one of the jhanas when one knows one hasn't
- Sanghadisesa — thirteen rules requiring an initial and subsequent meeting of the sangha (communal meetings)
- Aniyata — two indefinite rules where a monk is accused of having committed an offence with a woman in a screened (enclosed) or private place by a lay person
- Nissaggiya pacittiya — thirty rules entailing "confession with forfeiture"
- Pacittiya — ninety-two rules entailing confession
- Patidesaniya — four violations which must be verbally acknowledged
- Sekhiyavatta — seventy-five rules of training, which are mainly about the deportment of a monk
- Sāruppa — proper behavior
- Bhojanapatisamyutta — food
- Dhammadesanāpatisamyutta — teaching dhamma
- Pakinnaka — miscellaneous
- Adhikarana-samatha — seven rules for settlement of legal processes that concern monks only
- Parajika (defeats) — four rules entailing expulsion from the sangha for life
- Patimokkha (Pratimoksha) — Buddhist Monastic Code
- Bodhisattva vows
- Samaya
- Dhutanga — Ascetic practices
Three Resolutions
- To avoid evil
- To do good
- To purify the mind
Three Pillars of Dhamma
Threefold Training
Main article: Threefold Training
Five Qualities
Five Powers for one in training
- Saddhā — Faith
- Hiri — Conscience, moral shame
- Ottappa — Fear of wrongdoing, moral dread
- Viriya — Exertion
- Pañña — Wisdom
Five Things that lead to Awakening
- Kalyāṇa-mittatā — Admirable friendship
- Sīla — Virtue
- Hearing the Dhamma
- Viriya — Exertion
- Anicca-ñāṇa — Awareness of impermanence
Five Subjects for Contemplation
Main article: Upajjhatthana Sutta
- I am subject to ageing, I am not exempt from ageing
- I am subject to illness, I am not exempt from illness
- I am subject to death, I am not exempt from death
- There will be change and separation from all that I hold dear and near to me
- I am the owner of my actions, heir to my actions, I am born of my actions, I am related to my actions and I have my actions as refuge; whatever I do, good or evil, of that I will be the heir
Gradual training
Main articles: Gradual training and Anupubbikathā
- Dāna — Generosity
- Sīla — Virtue
- Sagga — Heaven
- Kāmānaṃ ādīnava — Danger of sensual pleasure
- Nekkhamma — Renunciation
- Cattāri ariyasaccāni — The Four Noble Truths
Ten Meritorious Deeds
Main article: Dasa Kusala Kamma
- Dāna — Generosity
- Śīla — Morality
- Bhavana — Meditation
- Reverence or respect
- Services in helping others
- Anumodana — Transference of merits
- Pattanumodana — Rejoicing in the merits of others
- Teaching the Dharma
- Listening to the Dharma
- Straightening one's own views
Perfections
Main article: Pāramitā
Ten Theravada Pāramīs
- Dāna — Generosity
- Sīla — Morality
- Nekkhamma — Renunciation
- Paññā — Wisdom
- Viriya — Energy
- Khanti — Patience
- Sacca — Truthfulness
- Adhiṭṭhāna — Determination
- Mettā — Loving-kindness
- Upekkhā — Equanimity
Six Mahayana Pāramitās
- Dāna — Generosity
- Śīla — Morality
- Kshanti — Patience
- Vīrya — Energy
- Dhyāna — Concentration
- Prajñā — Wisdom
Qualities conducive to Enlightenment
Main article: Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
Four Foundations of Mindfulness
Main article: Satipatthana
- Contemplation of the body
- Ānāpānasati — Mindfulness of breathing
- Contemplation of the body — First Tetrad
- Breathing a long breath
- Breathing a short breath
- Experiencing the whole (breath-) body (awareness of the beginning, middle, and end of the breath)
- Tranquilizing the bodily activities
- Contemplation of feelings — Second Tetrad
- Experiencing rapture
- Experiencing bliss
- Experiencing mental activities
- Tranquilizing mental activities
- Contemplation of the mind — Third Tetrad
- Experiencing the mind
- Gladdening the mind
- Centering the mind
- Releasing the mind
- Contemplation of Dhammas — Fourth Tetrad
- Contemplating impermanence
- Contemplating fading of lust
- Contemplating cessation
- Contemplating relinquishment
- Contemplation of the body — First Tetrad
- Postures
- Sampajañña — Clear comprehension
- Sātthaka (purpose) — Refraining from activities irrelevant to the path
- Sappāya (suitability) — Pursuing activities in a dignified and careful manner
- Gocara (domain) — Maintaining sensory restraint consistent with mindfulness
- Asammoha (non-delusion) — Seeing the true nature of reality (see three characteristics and anatta)
- Patikulamanasikara — Reflections on repulsiveness of the body, meditation on the thirty-two body parts
- Reflections on Mahābhūta (material elements)
- Asubha — Cemetery contemplations
- Swollen or bloated corpse
- Corpse brownish black or purplish blue with decay
- Festering or suppurated corpse
- Corpse splattered half or fissured from decay
- Corpse gnawed by animals such as wild dogs and foxes
- Corpse scattered in parts, hands, legs, head and body being dispersed
- Corpse cut and thrown away in parts after killing
- Bleeding corpse, i.e. with red blood oozing out
- Corpse infested with and eaten by worms
- Remains of a corpse in a heap of bones, i.e. skeleton
- Ānāpānasati — Mindfulness of breathing
- Contemplation of Vedanā (feelings)
- Pleasant feeling
- Worldly pleasant feeling
- Spiritual pleasant feeling
- Painful feeling
- Worldly painful feeling
- Spiritual painful feeling
- Neither-pleasant-nor-painful (neutral) feeling
- Worldly neutral feeling
- Spiritual neutral feeling
- Pleasant feeling
- Contemplation of Citta (consciousness)
- With lust (sarāgaṃ) or without lust (vītarāgaṃ)
- With hate (sadosaṃ) or without hate (vītadosaṃ)
- With delusion (samohaṃ) or without delusion (vītamohaṃ)
- Contracted (saṅkhittaṃ) or scattered (vikkhittaṃ)
- Lofty (mahaggataṃ) or not lofty (amahaggataṃ)
- Surpassable (sa-uttaraṃ) or unsurpassed (anuttaraṃ)
- Quieted (samāhitaṃ) or not quieted (asamāhitaṃ)
- Released (vimuttaṃ) or not released (avimuttaṃ)
- Contemplation of Dhamma (mental objects)
- Hindrances
- Skandha (Aggregates) of Upadana (clinging)
- Ayatana (Sense-bases) and their fetters
- Seven factors of enlightenment
- Four Noble Truths
Four Right Exertions
Main article: Four Right Exertions
- Exertion for the non-arising of unskillful states
- Exertion for the abandoning of unskillful states
- Exertion for the arising of skillful states
- Exertion for the sustaining of skillful states
Four Bases of Power
Main article: Iddhipada
Five Faculties
Main article: Indriya
Five Strengths
Main article: Five Strengths
Seven Factors of Enlightenment
Main article: Seven Factors of Enlightenment
Neutral
- Sati — Mindfulness
Arousing
- Dhamma vicaya — Investigation of doctrine
- Viriya — Energy
- Pīti — Rapture
Calming
Noble Eightfold Path
Main article: Noble Eightfold Path
Wisdom — Paññakkhandha
- Right view — samyag-dṛṣṭi • sammā-diṭṭhi
- Mundane right view
- Supramundane right view
- Right view that accords with the Four Noble Truths — saccanulomika sammā-diṭṭhi
- Study
- Reflection
- Meditation
- Right view that penetrates the Four Noble Truths — saccapativedha sammā-diṭṭhi
- Right view that accords with the Four Noble Truths — saccanulomika sammā-diṭṭhi
- Right intention — samyak-saṃkalpa • sammā-saṅkappa
- Nekkhamma-sankappa — the intention of renunciation
- Abyapada-sankappa — the intention of good will
- Avihimsa-sankappa — the intention of harmlessness
Moral discipline — Silakkhandha
- Right speech — samyag-vāc • sammā-vācā
- Abstaining from false speech (musavada veramani)
- Abstaining from slanderous speech (pisunaya vacaya veramani)
- Abstaining from harsh speech (pharusaya vacaya veramani)
- Abstaining from verbal abuse
- Abstaining from insults
- Abstaining from sarcasm
- Abstaining from idle chatter (samphappalapa veramani)
- Right action — samyak-karmānta • sammā-kammanta
- Abstaining from the taking of life (panatipata veramani)
- Abstaining from homicide
- Abstaining from animal slaughter
- Abstaining from deliberately harming or torturing another being
- Abstaining from taking what is not given (adinnadana veramani)
- Abstaining from stealing
- Abstaining from robbery
- Abstaining from snatching
- Abstaining from fraudulence
- Abstaining from deceitfulness
- Abstaining from sexual misconduct (kamesu micchacara veramani)
- Abstaining from adultery
- Abstaining from sexual harassment
- Abstaining from rape
- Abstaining from the taking of life (panatipata veramani)
- Right livelihood — samyag-ājīva • sammā-ājīva
- Abstaining from dealing in weapons
- Abstaining from dealing in living beings (including raising animals for slaughter as well as slave trade and prostitution)
- Abstaining from dealing in meat production and butchery
- Abstaining from dealing in poisons
- Abstaining from dealing in intoxicants
- Abstaining from deceit
- Abstaining from treachery
- Abstaining from soothsaying
- Abstaining from trickery
- Abstaining from usury
Concentration — Samādhikkhandha
- Right effort — samyag-vyāyāma • sammā-vāyāma
- The effort to prevent the arising of unarisen unwholesome states (samvarappadhana)
- Yoniso manasikara — Wise attention
- Indriya-samvara — Restraint of the sense faculties
- The effort to abandon unwholesome states that have already arisen (pahanappadhana)
- Overcoming the Five hindrances
- The effort to arouse wholesome states that have not yet arisen (bhavanappadhana)
- The effort to maintain and perfect wholesome states already arisen (anurakkhanappadhana)
- The effort to prevent the arising of unarisen unwholesome states (samvarappadhana)
- Right mindfulness — samyak-smṛti • sammā-sati
- Kayanupassana — Contemplation of the body
- Vedananupassana — Contemplation of feeling
- Cittanupassana — Contemplation of states of mind
- Dhammanupassana — Contemplation of phenomena
- Right concentration — samyak-samādhi • sammā-samādhi
- Four jhānas
- Pathamajjhana — First jhāna
- Dutiyajjhana — Second jhāna
- Tatiyajjhana — Third jhāna
- Catutthajjhana — Fourth jhāna
- Four jhānas
Acquired factors
- Right knowledge — sammā-ñāṇa
- Right liberation — sammā-vimutti
Buddhist meditation
Main articles: Buddhist meditation and Bhavana
Theravada meditation practices
Samatha — Calm abiding
Main article: Samatha
- Kammaṭṭhāna — Place of work
- Ten Kasinas
- Pathavikasinam — Earth kasina
- Apokasinam — Water kasina
- Tejokasinam — Fire kasina
- Vayokasinam — Wind kasina
- Nilakasinam — Brownish or deep purplish blue kasina
- Pitakasinam — Yellow kasina
- Lohitakasinam — Red kasina
- Odatakasinam — White kasina
- Alokakasinam — Light kasina
- Akasakasinam — Open air-space, sky kasina
- Ten Asubas — Reflections on repulsiveness
- Uddhumatakam — a swollen or bloated corpse
- Vinilakam — a corpse brownish black or purplish blue with decay
- Vipubbakam — a festering or suppurated corpse
- Vicchiddakam — a corpse splattered half or fissured from decay
- Vikkhayittakam — a corpse gnawed by animals such as wild dogs and foxes
- Vikkhitakam — a corpse scattered in parts, hands, legs, head and body being dispersed
- Hatavikkhittakam — a corpse cut and thrown away in parts after killing
- Lohitakam — a bleeding corpse, i.e. with red blood oozing out
- Puluvakam — a corpse infested with and eaten by worms
- Atthikam — Remains of a corpse in a heap of bones, i.e. skeleton
- Ten Anussati — Recollections
- Buddhanussati — Fixing the mind with attentiveness and reflecting repeatedly on the glorious virtues and attributes of Buddha
- Dhammanussati — Reflecting with serious attentiveness repeatedly on the virtues and qualities of Buddha's teachings and his doctrine
- Sanghanussati — Fixing the mind strongly and repeatedly upon the rare attributes and sanctity of the Sanghas
- Silanussati — Reflecting seriously and repeatedly on the purification of one's own morality or sila
- Caganussati — Repeatedly reflecting on the mind's purity in the noble act of one's own dana, charitableness and liberality
- Devatanussati — Reflecting with serious and repeated attention on one's own complete possession of the qualities of saddha. absolute faith, sila, morality, suta; knowledge, caga, liberality and panna, wisdom or knowledge just as the devas have, to enable one to be reborn in the World of devas
- Upasamanussati — Reflecting repeatedly with serious attentiveness on the supreme spiritual blissful state of Nirvana
- Marananussati — Recollection of death or reflecting repeatedly on the inevitability of death
- Kayagata-sati — Reflecting earnestly and repeatedly on the impurity of the body which is composed of the detestable 32 constituents such as hair, body hair, nails, teeth, skin, etc
- Ānāpānasati — Repeated reflection on the inhaled and exhaled breath
- Four Brahmaviharas — Four Divine Abidings
- Four Arūpajhānas — Formless jhāna
- Ākāsānañcāyatana — Dimension of the infinitude of space
- Viññāṇañcāyatana — Dimension of the infinitude of consciousness
- Ākiñcaññāyatana — Dimension of nothingness
- Nevasaññānāsaññāyatana — Dimension of neither perception nor non-perception
- Aharepatikulasanna — Perception of disgust of food
- Mahābhūta — Four Great Elements
- Ten Kasinas
Samādhi — Concentration
Main article: Samadhi (Buddhism)
- Nimitta — Sign
- Uggahanimitta — Learning sign
- Patibhaganimitta — Counterpart sign
- Khanikasamādhi — Momentary concentration
- Parikammasamādhi — Preliminary concentration
- Upacārasamādhi — Access concentration
- Appanāsamādhi — Attainment concentration
- Jhāna (Dhyāna) — Meditative absorption
- Rupajhana — Form jhānas
- First jhāna
- Second jhāna
- Third jhāna
- Fourth jhāna
- Arūpajhāna — Formless jhānas
- Ākāsānañcāyatana — Dimension of the infinitude of space
- Viññāṇañcāyatana — Dimension of the infinitude of consciousness
- Ākiñcaññāyatana — Dimension of nothingness
- Nevasaññānāsaññāyatana — Dimension of neither perception nor non-perception
- Nirodha-samapatti — Cessation of perception and feeling
- Rupajhana — Form jhānas
- Jhāna (Dhyāna) — Meditative absorption
Vipassanā — Insight meditation
Main article: Vipassanā
- Vipassanā-ñāṇa — Insight knowledge
- Eighteen kinds of insight
- Contemplation on impermanence (aniccanupassana) overcomes the wrong idea of permanence
- Contemplation on unsatisfactoriness (dukkhanupassana) overcomes the wrong idea of real happiness
- Contemplation on non-self (anattanupassana) overcomes the wrong idea of self
- Contemplation on turning away (nibbidanupassana) overcomes affection
- Contemplation on detachment (viraganupassana) overcomes greed
- Contemplation on cessation (nirodhanupassana) overcomes the arising
- Contemplation on giving up (patinissagganupassana) overcomes attachment
- Contemplation on dissolution (khayanupassana) overcomes the wrong idea of something compact
- Contemplation on disappearance (vayanupassana) overcomes kamma-accumulation
- Contemplation on changeablenes (viparinamanupassana) overcomes the wrong idea of something immutable
- Contemplation on the signless (animittanupassana) overcomes the conditions of rebirth
- Contemplation on the desireless (appanihitanupassana) overcomes longing
- Contemplation on emptiness (suññatanupassana) overcomes clinging
- Higher wisdom and insight (adhipaññadhamma vipassana) overcomes the wrong idea of something substantial
- True eye of knowledge (yathabhuta ñanadassana) overcomes clinging to delusion
- Contemplation on misery (adinavanupassana) overcomes clinging to desire
- Reflecting contemplation (patisankhanupassana) overcomes thoughtlessness
- Contemplation on the standstill of existence (vivattanupassana) overcomes being entangled in fetters
- Sixteen Stages of Vipassanā Knowledge
- Knowledge to distinguish mental and physical states (namarupa pariccheda ñāṇa)
- Knowledge of the cause-and-effect relationship between mental and physical states (paccaya pariggaha ñāṇa)
- Knowledge of mental and physical processes as impermanent, unsatisfactory and nonself (sammasana ñāṇa)
- Knowledge of arising and passing away (udayabbaya ñāṇa)
- Knowledge of the dissolution of formations (bhanga ñāṇa)
- Knowledge of the fearful nature of mental and physical states (bhaya ñāṇa)
- Knowledge of mental and physical states as unsatisfactory (adinava ñāṇa)
- Knowledge of disenchantment (nibbida ñāṇa)
- Knowledge of the desire to abandon the worldly state (muncitukamayata ñāṇa)
- Knowledge which investigates the path to deliverance and instills a decision to practice further (patisankha ñāṇa)
- Knowledge which regards mental and physical states with equanimity (sankharupekha ñāṇa)
- Knowledge which conforms to the Four Noble Truths (anuloma ñāṇa)
- Knowledge of deliverance from the worldly condition (gotrabhu ñāṇa)
- Knowledge by which defilements are abandoned and are overcome by destruction (magga ñāṇa)
- Knowledge which realizes the fruit of the path and has nibbana as object (phala ñāṇa)
- Knowledge which reviews the defilements still remaining (paccavekkhana ñāṇa)
- Eighteen kinds of insight
Zen meditation practices
- Zazen
- Concentration
- Kōan — a story, dialogue, question, or statement in Zen, containing aspects that are inaccessible to rational understanding, yet may be accessible to intuition
- Shikantaza — just sitting
Vajrayana meditation practices
- Tonglen
- Tantra
- Margaphala
- Ngöndro — Four thoughts which turn the mind towards Dharma
- The freedoms and advantages of precious human rebirth
- The truth of impermanence and change
- The workings of karma
- The suffering of living beings within Samsara
Other practices
- Ahimsa — Non-violence
- Appamada — Heedfulness
- Chöd — advanced spiritual practice and discipline arising from confluences of Bonpo, Mahasidda, Nyingmapa traditions and now practiced throughout the schools of Tibetan Buddhism
- Merit
- Paritta — Protection
- Samvega and pasada
- Simran
Attainment of Enlightenment
Main article: Enlightenment in Buddhism
General
- Nirvana — Full Enlightenment or Awakening, the complete cessation of suffering
- Parinirvana — final passing away of an enlightened person
- Bodhi — the awakening experience attained by the Buddha and his accomplished disciples referring to the unique consciousness of a fully liberated yogi
- Types of Buddha
- Sammāsambuddha — one who, by his own efforts, attains Nirvana, having rediscovered the Noble Eightfold Path after it has been lost to humanity, and makes this Path known to others
- Paccekabuddha — "a lone Buddha", a self-awakened Buddha, but one who lacks the ability to spread the Dhamma to others
- Sāvakabuddha — enlightened 'disciple of a Buddha'
Theravada
- Four stages of enlightenment (see also: Ariya-puggala — Noble Ones)
- Sotāpanna — Stream-enterer (first stage of enlightenment) — one who has "opened the eye of the Dhamma", and is guaranteed enlightenment after no more than seven successive rebirths, having eradicated the first three fetters
- Sakadagami — Once-returner (second stage of enlightenment) — will be reborn into the human world once more, before attaining enlightenment, having eradicated the first three and weakened the next two fetters
- Anagami — Non-returner (third stage of enlightenment) — does not come back into human existence, or any lower world, after death, but is reborn in the "Pure Abodes", where he will attain Nirvāṇa, having eradicated the first five fetters
- Arahant — "Worthy One", (see also: Arhat), a fully enlightened human being who has abandoned all ten fetters, and who upon decease (Parinibbāna) will not be reborn in any world, having wholly abandoned saṃsāra
Mahayana
- Bodhisattva — one who has generated bodhicitta, the spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood
- Bodhisattva Bhumis — stages of enlightenment through which a bodhisattva passes
Zen
- Satori — a Japanese Buddhist term for "enlightenment", which translates as a flash of sudden awareness, or individual enlightenment
- Kensho — "Seeing one's nature"
Buddhist monasticism and laity
Main article: Buddhist monasticism
- Śrāvaka — Disciple
- Upāsaka — Lay follower
- Householder
- Dhammacari — lay devotees who have seriously committed themselves to Buddhist practice for several years
- Anagarika — lay attendant of a monk
- Jisha — personal attendant of a monastery's abbot or teacher in Zen Buddhism
- Ngagpa — non-monastic male practitioners of such disciplines as Vajrayana, shamanism, Tibetan medicine, Tantra and Dzogchen
- Pabbajja — Lower ordination
- Upasampada — Higher ordination
- Titles for Buddhist teachers
- General
- in Theravada
- in Southeast Asia
- Ayya — commonly used as a veneration in addressing or referring to an ordained Buddhist nun
- in Thailand
- in Burma
- Sayadaw — a Burmese senior monk of a monastery
- in Southeast Asia
- in Japan
- in Zen
- in Japan
- Kaisan — founder of a school of Buddhism or the founding abbot of a Zen monastery
- Roshi — a Japanese honorific title used in Zen Buddhism that literally means "old teacher" or "elder master" and usually denotes the person who gives spiritual guidance to a Zen sangha
- Sensei — ordained teacher below the rank of roshi
- Zen master — individual who teaches Zen Buddhism to others
- in Korea
- Sunim — Korean title for a Buddhist monk or Buddhist nun
- in Japan
- in Tibetan Buddhism
- Geshe — Tibetan Buddhist academic degree for monks
- Guru
- Lama — Tibetan teacher of the Dharma
- Rinpoche — an honorific which literally means "precious one"
- Tulku — an enlightened Tibetan Buddhist lama who has, through phowa and siddhi, consciously determined to take birth, often many times, in order to continue his or her Bodhisattva vow
Major figures of Buddhism
Main article: List of Buddhists
Founder
- Gautama Buddha — The Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama (Skt., Pali: Siddhattha Gotama), Sakyamuni (Sage of the Sakya clan), The Awakened One, The Enlightened One, The Blessed One, Tathagata (Thus Come One, Thus Gone One)
Buddha's disciples and early Buddhists
Chief Disciples
- Sāriputta — Chief disciple, "General of the Dhamma", foremost in wisdom
- Mahamoggallāna — Second chief disciple, foremost in psychic powers
Great Disciples
Monks
- Ananda — Buddha's cousin and personal attendant
- Maha Kassapa — Convener of First Buddhist Council
- Anuruddha — Half-cousin of the Buddha
- Mahakaccana — Foremost in teaching
- Nanda — Half-brother of the Buddha
- Subhuti
- Punna
- Upali — Master of the Vinaya
Nuns
- Mahapajapati Gotami — Eldest nun
- Khema — First great female disciple in power
- Uppalavanna — Second great female disciple
Laymen
- Anathapindika — Chief lay disciple, foremost disciple in generosity
- Hatthaka of Alavi
- Jivaka
- Citta — the foremost householder for explaining the Teaching
- Cunda
Laywomen
First five disciples of the Buddha
- Kondañña — the first Arahant
- Assaji — converted Sāriputta and Mahamoggallāna
- Bhaddiya
- Vappa
- Mahanama
Other disciples
- Channa — royal servant and head charioteer of Prince Siddhartha
- Angulimala — mass murderer turned saint
- Kisa Gotami
Later Indian Buddhists (after Buddha)
- Buddhaghosa — 5th-century Indian Theravadin Buddhist commentator and scholar, author of the Visuddhimagga
- Mahinda — son of Emperor Ashoka
- Sanghamitta — daughter of Emperor Ashoka
- Nagarjuna — founder of the Madhyamaka school
- Aryadeva — disciple of Nagarjuna
- Asanga — exponent of the yogācāra school
- Vasubandhu
- Buddhapālita — commentator on the works of Nagarjuna and Aryadeva
- Candrakīrti
- Dharmakirti
- Atisha
Indo-Greek Buddhists
Chinese Buddhists
Tibetan Buddhists
- Je Tsongkhapa
- Milarepa
- Longchenpa
- Marpa Lotsawa
- Padmasambhava
- Sakya Pandita
- Panchen Lama
- Karmapa
- Dalai Lama
Japanese Buddhists
Burmese Buddhists
Thai Buddhists
Sri Lankan Buddhists
- Balangoda Ananda Maitreya
- Henepola Gunaratana
- K. Sri Dhammananda
- Piyadassi Maha Thera
- Walpola Rahula
American Buddhists
British Buddhists
Branches of Buddhism
Schools of Buddhism
Main article: Schools of Buddhism
Theravada
Main article: Theravada
- Bangladesh:
- Burma:
- Thudhamma Nikaya
- Vipassana tradition of Mahasi Sayadaw
- Shwekyin Nikaya
- Dvaya Nikaya or Dvara Nikaya
- Thudhamma Nikaya
- Cambodia
- Laos
- Sri Lanka:
- Thailand:
Mahayana
Main article: Mahayana
- Madhyamaka
- Prāsangika
- Svatantrika
- Sanlun (Three Treatise school)
- Maha-Madhyamaka (Jonangpa)
- Yogācāra
- Cittamatra in Tibet
- Wei-Shi (Consciousness-only school) or Faxiang (Dharma-character school)
- Tathagatagarbha
- Daśabhūmikā (absorbed into Huayan)
- Huayan (Avataṃsaka)
- Chan / Zen / Seon / Thien
- Pure Land (Amidism)
- Tiantai (Lotus Sutra School)
- Nichiren
Vajrayana
Main article: Vajrayana
- Tibetan Buddhism
- Nyingma
- New Bön (synthesis of Yungdrung Bön and Nyingmapa)
- Kadam
- Sakya
- Ngor-pa
- Tsar-pa
- Jonang
- Gelug
- Kagyu:
- Shangpa Kagyu
- Marpa Kagyu:
- Rechung Kagyu
- Dagpo Kagyu:
- Karma Kagyu (or Kamtshang Kagyu)
- Tsalpa Kagyu
- Baram Kagyu
- Pagtru Kagyu (or Phagmo Drugpa Kagyu):
- Taglung Kagyu
- Trophu Kagyu
- Drukpa Kagyu
- Martsang Kagyu
- Yerpa Kagyu
- Yazang Kagyu
- Shugseb Kagyu
- Drikung Kagyu
- Rime movement (ecumenical movement)
- Japanese Mikkyo
Early Buddhist schools
Main article: Early Buddhist schools
- Sthaviravāda
- Pudgalavāda ('Personalist') (c. 280 BCE)
- Vatsīputrīya (under Aśoka) later name: Saṃmitīya
- Dharmottarīya
- Bhadrayānīya
- Sannāgarika
- Vibhajjavāda (prior to 240 BCE; during Aśoka)
- Mahīśāsaka (after 232 BCE)
- Kāśyapīya (after 232 BCE)
- Dharmaguptaka (after 232 BCE)
- Theravāda (c. 240 BCE)
- Sarvāstivāda (c. 237 BCE)
- Mūlasarvāstivāda (third and fourth centuries)
- Sautrāntika (between 50 BCE and c. 100 CE)
- Pudgalavāda ('Personalist') (c. 280 BCE)
- Mahāsaṃghika ('Majority', c. 380 BCE)
- Ekavyahārikas (under Aśoka)
- Lokottaravāda
- Gokulika (during Aśoka)
- Bahuśrutīya (late third century BCE)
- Prajñaptivāda (late third century BCE)
- Cetiyavāda
- Caitika (mid-first century BCE)
- Apara Śaila
- Uttara Śaila
Buddhist modernism
Main article: Buddhist modernism
- Humanistic Buddhism
- Sōka Gakkai
- Vipassana movement
- New Kadampa Tradition
- Friends of the Western Buddhist Order
- Fo Guang Shan
Buddhism worldwide
Main articles: Buddhism by region and Buddhism by country
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- Buddhism by country
- Buddhism in the East
- Buddhism in the Middle East
- Buddhism in the West
- Buddhism in the Americas
- Buddhism in North America
- Buddhism in Central America
- Buddhism in South America
- Buddhism in Australia
- Buddhism in Europe
- Buddhism in the Americas
- Buddhism in Africa
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Buddhist scriptures and texts
Main article: Buddhist texts
Theravada texts
Main article: Pali literature
- Pāli Canon (Tipitaka)
- Vinaya Pitaka — Basket of Discipline
- Suttavibhanga
- Patimokkha — Buddhist Monastic Code
- Khandhaka
- Parivara
- Suttavibhanga
- Sutta Pitaka — Basket of Discourses
- Digha Nikaya — the Long Discourses
- Brahmajala Sutta — Discourse on the Net of Perfect Wisdom
- Samaññaphala Sutta — The Fruit of Contemplative Life Discourse
- Kevatta Sutta
- Mahaparinibbana Sutta — The Last Days of the Buddha
- Mahasatipatthana Sutta
- Aggañña Sutta
- Sigalovada Sutta
- Majjhima Nikaya — the Middle-length Discourses
- Sammaditthi Sutta — Discourse on Right View
- Satipatthana Sutta — The Foundations of Mindfulness Discourse
- Aggi-Vacchagotta Sutta
- Anapanasati Sutta — Discourse on Mindfulness of Breathing
- Samyutta Nikaya — the Connected Discourses
- Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta — Setting Rolling the Wheel of Truth (Buddha's first discourse)
- Anattalakkhana Sutta — The Not-self Characteristic (Buddha's second discourse)
- Fire Sermon — Buddha's third discourse
- Anguttara Nikaya — the Numerical Discourses
- Dighajanu Sutta
- Dona Sutta
- Kalama Sutta
- Upajjhatthana Sutta — Subjects for Contemplation
- Khuddaka Nikaya — the Minor Collection
- Khuddakapatha
- Dhammapada — The Path of Truth
- Udana — Inspired utterances
- Itivuttaka
- Suttanipata
- Uraga Vagga
- Cula Vagga
- Maha Vagga
- Atthaka Vagga
- Parayana Vagga
- Vimanavatthu
- Petavatthu
- Theragatha — Verses of the Elder Monks
- Therigatha — Verses of the Elder Nuns
- Jataka tales — Buddha's former lives
- Niddesa
- Patisambhidamagga — Path of discrimination
- Apadana
- Buddhavamsa
- Cariyapitaka
- Nettipakarana
- Petakopadesa
- Milindapanha
- Digha Nikaya — the Long Discourses
- Abhidhamma Pitaka — Basket of Ultimate Doctrine
- Vinaya Pitaka — Basket of Discipline
- Anupitaka — non-canonical or extra-canonical Pāli literature
- Commentaries — commentaries on the Tipitaka
- Subcommentaries — commentaries on the commentaries on the Tipitaka
- Visuddhimagga — The Path of Purification, considered the most important Theravada text outside of the Tipitaka canon of scriptures
- Vimuttimagga — The Path of Freedom, manual of meditation
- Abhidhammattha Sangaha — A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma
Mahayana texts
- Mahayana sutras
- Angulimaliya Sutra
- Brahmajala Sutra
- Innumerable Meanings Sutra
- Lalitavistara Sutra
- Lankavatara Sutra
- Lotus Sutra
- Perfection of Wisdom sutras
- Ten Stages Sutra
- Vimalakirti-nirdesa Sutra
- Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment
- Platform Sutra
- Amitabha Sutra
- Avatamsaka Sutra
- Contemplation Sutra
- Infinite Life Sutra
- Mahaparinirvana Sutra
- Mahasamnipata Sutra
- Sanghata Sutra
- Shurangama Sutra
- Sutra of Forty-Two Sections
- Sutra of Golden Light
- Sutra of The Great Vows of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva
- Agamas
- Chinese Buddhist canon
Vajrayana texts
History of Buddhism
Main article: History of Buddhism
- Timeline of Buddhism
- Early Buddhism
- Pre-sectarian Buddhism
- Buddhist councils
- Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
- History of Buddhism in India
- Greco-Buddhism
- Buddhism and the Roman world
Buddhist philosophy
Main article: Buddhist philosophy
- Abhidharma
- Buddhist anarchism
- Buddhist atomism
- Buddhism and the body
- Buddhology
- Engaged Buddhism
- Buddhist economics
- Buddhist eschatology
- Buddhist ethics
- Buddhism and evolution
- Fourteen unanswerable questions
- Questions referring to the world: concerning the existence of the world in time
- Is the world eternal?
- or not?
- or both?
- or neither?
- Questions referring to the world: concerning the existence of the world in space
- Is the world finite?
- or not?
- or both?
- or neither?
- Questions referring to personal experience
- Questions referring to life after death
- Questions referring to the world: concerning the existence of the world in time
- God in Buddhism
- Humanistic Buddhism
- Buddhist logic
- Buddhist mythology
- Reality in Buddhism
- Buddhist socialism
Buddhist culture
Main articles: Buddhist culture and art and Cultural elements of Buddhism
- Alms
- Ango — three month long period of intense training for students of Zen Buddhism
- Buddhist architecture
- Vihara — Buddhist monastery
- Wat — monastery temple in Cambodia, Thailand, Lanna or Laos
- Thai temple art and architecture
- Stupa — mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics
- Pagoda — tiered tower with multiple eaves common in China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and other parts of Asia
- Zendo — meditation hall in Zen Buddhism
- Butsudan — shrine
- Buddhist art
- Buddhist calendar
- Buddhist clothes
- Tricivara — Monastic robe
- Antaravasaka — Lower robe
- Uttarasanga — Upper robe
- Sangati — Outer robe
- Tricivara — Monastic robe
- Buddhist cuisine
- Dharani
- Drubchen — traditional form of meditation retreat in Tibetan Buddhism
- Funeral (Buddhism)
- Buddhist holidays
- Vesak — birth, enlightenment (Nirvana), and passing away (Parinirvana) of Gautama Buddha
- Asalha Puja
- Magha Puja
- Uposatha — Buddhist Sabbath day
- Kathina — festival which comes at the end of Vassa
- Kīla — three-sided peg, stake, knife, or nail like ritual implement traditionally associated with Indo-Tibetan Buddhism
- Mandala — concentric diagram having spiritual and ritual significance
- Buddhist prayer beads — Mala
- Mantra
- Om mani padme hum
- Namo Amituofo
- Nam Myōhō Renge Kyō
- Om tare tuttare ture svaha
- Buddho
- Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Sammasambuddhassa
- Buddhist view of marriage
- Mudra — Symbolic or ritual gesture
- Añjali Mudrā — greeting gesture which consists of putting the palms together in front of the chest
- Buddhist music
- Prayer wheel
- Sarira — Buddhist relics
- Sesshin — period of intensive meditation (zazen) in a Zen monastery
- Buddhist symbolism
- Dharmacakra — Wheel of Dhamma
- Bhavacakra — Wheel of Becoming
- Buddhist flag
- Ensō — Symbol in Zen symbolizing enlightenment, strength, elegance, the Universe, and the void
- Thangka
- Ashtamangala
- Vajra — short metal weapon that has the symbolic nature of a diamond
- Vassa — Rains retreat
Buddhist pilgrimage
Main article: Buddhist pilgrimage
- The Four Main Sites
- Lumbini — Buddha's birthplace
- Bodh Gaya — Buddha's place of Enlightenment
- Sarnath — Place of Buddha's first discourse
- Kushinagar — Place of Buddha's final passing away
- Four Additional Sites
- Other Sites
- Later Sites
Comparative Buddhism
- Buddhism and science
- Buddhism and Theosophy
- Buddhism and other religions
Main article: Index of Buddhism-related articles
- Access to Insight — Readings in Theravada Buddhism website
- Anuradhapura
- Asceticism
- Ashoka the Great
- Basic Points Unifying the Theravāda and the Mahāyāna
- The Buddha is our only Master (teacher and guide)
- We take refuge in the Buddha, the Dharma and the Saṅgha (the Three Jewels)
- We do not believe that this world is created and ruled by a God.
- We consider that the purpose of life is to develop compassion for all living beings without discrimination and to work for their good, happiness, and peace; and to develop wisdom (prajñā) leading to the realization of Ultimate Truth
- We accept the Four Noble Truths, namely duḥkha, the arising of duḥkha, the cessation of duḥkha, and the path leading to the cessation of duḥkha; and the law of cause and effect (pratītyasamutpāda)
- All conditioned things (saṃskāra) are impermanent (anitya) and duḥkha, and that all conditioned and unconditioned things (dharma) are without self (anātma) (see trilaksana).
- We accept the thirty-seven qualities conducive to enlightenment (bodhipakṣadharma) as different aspects of the Path taught by the Buddha leading to Enlightenment.
- There are three ways of attaining bodhi or Enlightenment: namely as a disciple (śrāvaka), as a pratyekabuddha and as a samyaksambuddha (perfectly and fully enlightened Buddha). We accept it as the highest, noblest, and most heroic to follow the career of a Bodhisattva and to become a samyaksambuddha in order to save others.
- We admit that in different countries there are differences regarding Buddhist beliefs and practices. These external forms and expressions should not be confused with the essential teachings of the Buddha.
- Black Buddhist
- Bodhimanda (Bodhimandala)
- Bodhisattvas
- Akasagarbha
- Avalokiteśvara (Guan Yin)
- Guan Yu
- Ksitigarbha
- Mahasthamaprapta
- Maitreya — Future Buddha, successor of Gautama Buddha
- Manjusri — the bodhisattva associated with wisdom, doctrine and awareness
- Nio
- Samantabhadra
- Shantideva
- Sitatapatra
- Skanda
- Supushpachandra
- Suryaprabha
- Tara
- Vajrapani
- Vasudhara
- Borobudur — ninth-century Mahayana Buddhist Monument in Magelang, Indonesia
- Brahmā — a type of exalted passionless deity (deva), of which there are several in Buddhist cosmology
- Brahmacariya — the Holy Life
- Budai or Hotei — the obese Laughing Buddha, usually seen in China
- Buddhas
- Gautama Buddha
- Dipankara Buddha
- Kakusandha Buddha
- Kassapa Buddha
- Padumuttara Buddha
- Adi-Buddha
- Amitābha — the principal Buddha in the Pure Land sect
- Medicine Buddha
- Buddhas of Bamyan
- Buddhavacana — the Word of the Buddha
- Buddhist calendar
- Buddhist Studies
- Cambridge Buddhist Association
- Chakravartin — Wheel-turning Monarch
- Critical Buddhism
- Dalit Buddhist movement
- Devas — gods
- Dhammakaya
- Dharma name
- Dharma talk
- Dharma transmission
- Diamond Way Buddhism
- Dipavamsa
- Eight Thoughts of a Great Man
- This Dhamma is for one who wants little, not for one who wants much.
- This Dhamma is for the contented, not for the discontented.
- This Dhamma is for the secluded, not for one fond of society.
- This Dhamma is for the energetic, not for the lazy.
- This Dhamma is for the mindful, not for the unmindful.
- This Dhamma is for the composed, not for the uncomposed.
- This Dhamma is for the wise, not for the unwise.
- This Dhamma is for one who is free from impediments, not for one who delights in impediments
- Empowerment
- European Buddhist Union
- Five Dhyani Buddhas
- Five Pure Lights
- Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition
- Friends of the Western Buddhist Order
- Gandhabba
- Gandhāran Buddhist Texts
- Glossary of Japanese Buddhism
- Hinayana — "Inferior vehicle", often interpreted as a pejorative term used in Mahayana doctrine to refer to the early Buddhist schools
- HUMUH: Transcendental Buddhism
- Icchantika
- Inka
- Jambudvipa
- Kalachakra
- Kalpa (time unit) — Aeon
- Kanthaka — Prince Siddhartha's favourite white horse
- Kegon
- King Ajatasattu
- King Bimbisara
- King Milinda
- King Pasenadi
- Kosala
- Kwan Um School of Zen
- Laughing Buddha
- Lineage
- Liturgical languages
- Luang Prabang
- Mahasati meditation
- Mahavamsa
- Mara (demon) — the "Evil One"
- Klesa-mara, or Mara as the embodiment of all unskillful emotions
- Mrtyu-mara, or Mara as death, in the sense of the ceaseless round of birth and death
- Skandha-mara, or Mara as metaphor for the entirety of conditioned existence
- Devaputra-mara, or Mara the son of a deva (god), that is, Mara as an objectively existent being rather than as a metaphor
- Medicine Buddha
- Monasteries
- Nāga — the Serpent King
- Nikāya
- Nikaya Buddhism
- Noble Silence
- Pali Text Society
- Perfection of Wisdom School
- Persecution of Buddhists
- Phra Pathom Chedi
- Purity in Buddhism
- Ramifications of the Buddha concept
- Releasing life
- Saddhamma — True Dhamma
- Sakka — the King of gods
- Samaṇa
- Samāpatti — correct acquisition of Truth
- Sāsana — Dispensation
- Shakya — ancient kingdom of Iron Age India, Siddhartha Gautama's clan
- Shambhala Buddhism
- Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism
- Sumeru — central world-mountain in Buddhist cosmology
- Sutra
- The birth of Buddha (Lalitavistara)
- The Path to Nirvana
- Three Ages of Buddhism
- Three Turnings of the Wheel of Dharma
- True Buddha School
- Vipassana movement
- Women in Buddhism
- World Fellowship of Buddhists
- Yakkha — a broad class of nature-spirits, usually benevolent, who are caretakers of the natural treasures hidden in the earth and tree roots
- Yama — King of Death
- Yana — Vehicle
- Śrāvakayāna — the hearer vehicle
- Pratyekayana — the individual vehicle
- Bodhisattvayāna
- Young Buddhist Association
- Zabuton — rectangular meditation cushion
- Zafu — round meditation cushion
Lists
- Glossary of Buddhism
- Index of Buddhism-related articles
- List of Buddhas
- List of Buddha claimants
- List of bodhisattvas
- List of Buddhists
- List of modern scholars in Buddhist studies
- List of suttas
- List of books related to Buddhism
- List of Buddhist temples
- Buddha games list
See also
References
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