oxalate

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A salt or an ester of oxalic acid.

To treat (a specimen) with an oxalate or oxalic acid.

[OXAL(IC ACID) + –ATE².]

A salt or ester of oxalic acid.

Salts of oxalic acid.

Any salt of oxalic acid.

Any salt of oxalic acid.

• o. calculi — see oxalate urolith.
• o. crystalluria — associated with ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs and cats.
• o.-induced equine nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism — see nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism.
• insoluble forms (calcium) o. — appear as raphide crystals in some plants; irritate oral mucosa causing severe stomatitis.
• o. soluble forms — sodium, magnesium and ammonium oxalates.
• soluble o. poisoning — in ruminants acute poisoning due to ingestion of large amounts causes hypocalcemia with muscle weakness and recumbency. Precipitation of oxalate crystals in renal tubules causes nephrosis. Long-term ingestion in horses can cause osteodystrophia fibrosa. Most cases are the result of eating large amounts of oxalate-bearing plants, e.g. Oxalis spp., Setaria spp., Halogeton glomeratus, Portulaca oleracea.

The structure of the oxalate anion

An oxalate (also ethanedioate) is the deprotonated, charged form of oxalic acid or an ester of oxalic acid. As a salt, the oxalate anion has the chemical formula C₂O₄²⁻ or (COO)₂²⁻.

Consumption of oxalates (for example, the grazing of animals on oxalate-containing plants such as greasewood), or human consumption of Sorrel may result in kidney disease or even death due to oxalate poisoning. The presence of Oxalobacter formigenes in the gut flora can prevent this.

The charge on oxalate allows it to act as a chelator of various positively charged metal ions.

For more detail, see the main entry oxalic acid.

Examples

• sodium oxalate - Na₂C₂O₄
• calcium oxalate - CaC₂O₄, a major component of kidney stones
• dimethyl oxalate - (CH₃)₂C₂O₄
• phenyl oxalate ester - (C₆H₅)₂C₂O₄
• potassium ferrioxalate - K₃[Fe(C₂O₄)₃], an iron complex with oxalate ligands

References

v • d • e Antithrombotics (thrombolytics, anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs) (B01) Antiplatelet drugs Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors Abciximab • Eptifibatide • Tirofiban ADP receptor/P2Y12 inhibitors (Thienopyridines) Clopidogrel • Ticlopidine • Prasugrel Prostaglandin analogue (PGI2) Beraprost • Prostacyclin • Iloprost • Treprostinil COX inhibitors Acetylsalicylic acid/Aspirin # • Aloxiprin • Carbasalate calcium Other Ditazole • Cloricromen • Dipyridamole • Indobufen • Picotamide • Triflusal Anticoagulants Vitamin K antagonists (inhibit II, VII, IX, X) coumarins: Acenocoumarol • Coumatetralyl • Dicoumarol (Dicumarol) • Ethyl biscoumacetate • Phenprocoumon • Warfarin 1,3-Indandiones: Clorindione • Diphenadione • Phenindione other: Tioclomarol Factor Xa inhibitors (with some II inhibition) Heparin group/ glycosaminoglycans/ (bind antithrombin) low molecular weight heparin (Bemiparin, Certoparin, Dalteparin, Enoxaparin, Nadroparin, Parnaparin, Reviparin, Tinzaparin) oligosaccharides (Fondaparinux, Idraparinux) heparinoid (Danaparoid, Sulodexide, Dermatan sulfate) Direct Xa inhibitors xabans (Apixaban, Otamixaban, Rivaroxaban) Direct thrombin (II) inhibitors bivalent: Hirudin (Bivalirudin, Lepirudin, Desirudin) univalent: Argatroban • Dabigatran • Melagatran • Ximelagatran Other Defibrotide • Ramatroban • Antithrombin III • Protein C (Drotrecogin alfa) Thrombolytic drugs/ fibrinolytics plasminogen activators: TPA (Alteplase, Reteplase, Tenecteplase) • UPA (Urokinase, Saruplase) • Streptokinase # • Anistreplase • Monteplase other serine endopeptidases: Ancrod • Fibrinolysin Brinase Non-medicinal Citrate • EDTA • Oxalate # = WHO-EM

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