A padishah is a historical term for a ruler of a Muslim country or state.

Jahanara served as the uncrowned Empress of the Moghul. Later her brother titled her Padishah Begum, "Empress of Princesses.

The Ottoman commander was called the Sultan, Khan, or Padishah. These titles were used by the Ottoman Royalty to denote their positions. Other titles included "Hanim," "Bey," "Hoca," "Pasha," and "Efendi."

The current president of Turkey is named Abdullah Gül.

The Persian title for king was the word "Shah." There was also the title "Shahanshah" which means King of Kings and also "Padishah" which means Great king.