Painted Turtle

"Painted Turtle" is also the name of an imprint of Wayne State University Press.

Painted Turtle
Southern Painted Turtle (C. p. dorsalis)
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Family:	Emydidae
Subfamily:	Deirochelyinae
Genus:	Chrysemys
Species:	C. picta
Binomial name
Chrysemys picta (Schneider, 1783)
Subspecies
C. p. bellii - Western Painted Turtle C. p. dorsalis - Southern Painted Turtle C. p. marginata - Midland Painted Turtle C. p. picta - Eastern Painted Turtle

Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) is a reptile that is common in southern Canada, the United States, and northern Mexico and is related to other water turtles such as sliders and cooters. This turtle lives in ponds, lakes, marshes, and in slow-moving rivers that have soft, muddy bottoms. The maximum carapace size, or shell length, for painted turtles is or 25 cm (10 in.).^[1] Its shell is used to protect it from its predators.

The skin of an adult Painted Turtle's head, neck, feet and tail, and the carapace-edge (marginal) scutes have a red and yellow striped design that gives the appearance of having been hand-painted. The plastron, depending on the subspecies, can be entirely yellowish or yellowish-orange, mostly yellowish with a dark pattern in the center, or may have a bold, elaborate pattern of yellow, orange, red and dark gray.^[1] The background skin tone of the painted turtle varies from olive green to solid black.^[2] The Painted turtle is the only species in the genus Chrysemys. It comprises four sub-species: the Eastern, Southern, Midland, and Western Painted Turtle. The only species of Painted Turtle that has a stripe on its back is the Southern Painted Turtle.

The Painted Turtle is the official reptile of the U.S. states of Colorado (specifically the Western Painted Turtle)^[3] and Michigan.^[4]

Reproduction

The rich colors of the painted turtle

Mating begins shortly after the turtles have emerged from hibernation in early spring when the water temperature is still low. Mating may also occur in the fall. The breeding season typically lasts from late spring to early summer. Males begin to breed when they reach maturity, usually at 70–95 mm plastron length when they are three to five years old. Females take longer to mature (4–5 years) and are larger at maturity. The courtship ritual of adult painted turtles is a rare and beautiful sight, rarely seen in the wild. Possessing a broader, thicker tail and a smaller (about 80 percent the size of an adult female of the same age), more elongated body shape, the male painted turtle swims to face the female nose-to-nose, prior to fertilizing her ova, and uses his comparatively hugely over-sized front claws to tickle the cheeks of the female rapidly up-and-down in a vibratory manner, in about one-second bursts, with the "palms" of the forefeet facing outward. If the female is receptive, she will stroke the forelimbs of the courting male.^[5] Different subspecies of painted turtle can and do interbreed - the offspring exhibit an intergradation of the characteristics of the parent races. Painted turtles are amniotes^[6] that requires females to nest on land. Females prefer soft, sandy soil with good exposure to the sun for their nest site. Nests are dug with the turtle's hind feet, usually within 200 metres of water. The nest is no deeper than 10 to 12 centimetres. The females will lay 4 to 15 oval, soft shelled eggs, in a conical flask-shaped hole. The eggs are elliptical, white to off-white and are mostly smooth with slight pits.^[2] Female turtles may lay up to five clutches of eggs per season although typically, they will lay only one or two clutches. Once the eggs are laid the mother will cover the hole with dirt or sand and leave the nest unattended. Painted turtle eggs hatch 72 to 80 days after they are laid.^[1] Once the young hatch and dig out of the nest, they are immediately independent.Nest tempurature determines the sex and survivability of hatchlings.^[5] A study was done by Dr. Brooks in which he studied what temperatures produced different sexes. The results showed that males were only produced by temperatures of 22, 24, and 26 degrees Celcius, while females were produced at temperatures of 30 and 32 degrees Celcius. Both sexes were produced at 20 and 28 degrees Celcius.^[5] This study showed that eggs incubated at constant temperatures could determine sex, but naturally incubated eggs with varying temperatures are not able to be determined.

Behavior

C. p. marginata sunning, Rideau River, Ottawa, Ontario

Painted turtles are most active from May to October in the Northeastern United States. Instances of local flooding following heavy rainfall in warm months, will sometimes force these turtles to temporarily take to the land for a day or two, migrating between habitats and taking risks crossing roads. It is then that a specimen can be captured with relative ease. During the winter, painted turtles hibernate(or, technically,brumate) by burying themselves deep in the mud beneath streams and ponds. The mud insulates the turtle, which helps prevent freezing during the harsh winter months. The turtle may submerge itself in up to 90 cm (3 ft) of mud under less than 1.8 metres (6 ft) of water.^[2] Painted turtles can survive without oxygen at 3° Celsius (37.4°F) for up to five months, longer than any other known air-breathing vertebrate. To survive during hibernation, the turtle must prevent lactic acid from building up in its body. The turtle accomplishes this by slowing its metabolic rate, which in turn lowers the rate of lactic acid production. It then uses magnesium and calcium stored in its shell to buffer and neutralize lactic acid.^[7] Northern populations of painted turtle may remain dormant for four to six months. More southerly populations may become active during warm periods. When emerging from a dormant period, most turtles will not begin to eat again until the water temperature has reached approximately 15.5° Celsius (60°F).

The painted turtle spends the majority of its time in the water, but it can often be seen lying in the sun on floating logs or on rocks by the shore. This behavior is called basking. Some turtles bask simply by floating at the surface of the water with only the tip of their nose breaking the surface. Adult painted turtles are very shy and are not easily captured. Painted turtles bask because they cannot generate heat or regulate their own body temperature. Instead, they rely on heat from the sun to raise and maintain their body temperature at a level high enough for food in their stomachs to digest efficiently; about 65°F minimum. Basking episodes generally last for two hours at a time.^[2] Painted turtles are omnivorous, taking insects, worms, tadpoles, small fish and crustaceans as well as carrion, in addition to duckweed and other aquatic vegetation. Like almost all semi-aquatic turtles, painted turtles cannot and will not ingest food unless their mouths are fully underwater.

Housing

Painted turtle with a yellow-orange plastron

Aquariums used to house a painted turtle should be sized to at least 80 gallons per adult, but a 20 gallon, or 30 gallon breeder tank is great for babies, or hatchlings. They must have an accessible land area (commercially made turtle ramps are available at most pet stores) to bask on such that they are able to dry completely. The tank should be cleaned at least a couple of times a month and the correct size filtration system (rated for at least twice the gallons of the turtle's enclosure) should be purchased and kept clean and well-supplied with filter media. UVA/UVB light is critical to the health of basking turtles; this is best provided by natural sunlight, though artificial sources can be used for indoor enclosures. It should also be noted that a UV light source must have no glass in between it and the turtle because UVB light, which has a relatively short wavelength, cannot penetrate ordinary glass. Turtles require heat and sunlight (either natural or artificial) to properly digest food and develop their shells and beaks, so fluorescent UVA/UVB lamps alone are not suitable for turtles and should be supplemented with an additional radiant heat source. Exposure to sunlight or artificial heat sources must be arranged carefully since overheating can kill a turtle within minutes. A sufficient amount of clean, shaded, cooler water to which the turtle can retreat must always be provided. Keep an outdoor turtle habitat fitted with an effective barrier such as a firmly-attached 1/2-inch wire mesh cover with a sturdy frame which a young child, cat, dog, or natural predator cannot dislodge.^[8]

Feeding

Painted turtles are omnivorous, consuming a wide variety of aquatic animals, plants and algae. In captivity, they are willing to eat commercial turtle food, but it is generally considered healthier to provide a varied diet containing natural foods along with commercial. Babies and juveniles require a diet primarily consisting of animal matter such as worms, small fish, insects(they feed largely on larvae in the wild), and other raw, low fat, high vitamin and mineral density foods with low phosphorus and salt content. For mature turtles, about half of the diet should consist of high nutritional content plant matter, with more calcium rich animal foods being offered to females prior to egg-laying. Mature turtles require substantially less feeding than juveniles, only requiring feeding a few times a week, rather than daily.^[5]

Predators

Painted turtles are vulnerable to predation throughout their development and into adulthood. Many animals such as raccoons, several types of squirrels, chipmunks, woodchucks, skunks, badgers, foxes, fish crows, garter snakes, deer, ants, beavers, and humans will prey on turtle nests. Newly hatched turtles are eaten by rats, muskrat, mink, raccoons, snapping turtles, snakes, bullfrogs, large fish and herons. Adult turtles are preyed upon by alligators, snapping turtles, raccoons, bald eagles, osprey, and red shouldered hawks. Humans pose many threats to painted turtles through habitat destruction, the use of pesticides, vehicles on roadways, intentional killing by anglers, and improper care while kept as pets. When a painted turtle feels threatened, it may kick and scratch, bite and urinate.^[2] Painted turtles that have avoided predators and disease have been known to live longer than thirty years in the wild.

Subspecies of Painted Turtles

Eastern Painted Turtle (C. p. picta)

• 4 1/2–6" males, 6–8" females
• Scutes of carapace in straight rows
• Front edges of large scutes form bands across carapace (aligned)
• Two bright yellow spots on each side of the head
• Plain yellow or yellow-orange plastron may have one or two small dark spots.
• Range: Nova Scotia to Georgia. Intergrading with the Midland in much of the Northeast

Midland Painted Turtle (C. p. marginata)^[9]

Midland Painted Turtle (C. p. marginata), Ottawa, Ontario

• 4 1/2–5 1/2"
• Large, alternating (staggered) carapace scutes
• Vaguely oval or narrow elongated medium-to-dark gray plastral blotch centered on the mid-line, remainder of plastron yellow or yellow-orange
• Range: Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario to Tennessee. Northwest Georgia and extreme Northeastern Alabama

Southern Painted Turtle (C. p. dorsalis)

• 4–5" males, 6–8" females
• Single broad orange or red stripe on back, occasionally yellow or whitish in color
• Alternating (staggered) carapace scutes
• Plain yellow plastron which may have one or two tiny black spots
• Range: Southern Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico. Southwest Alabama to Southeastern Oklahoma. Isolated colony in central Texas

Note: This subspecies is easily recognizable by the stripe on its back- it's the only Painted Turtle that does

Western Painted Turtle (C. p. belli)^[10]

• 4 1/2–7" males, 8–11" females, thus making westerns the largest type of the subspecies
• Netlike pattern on carapace
• Alternating (staggered) carapace scutes
• Distinctive gaudy, red, orange and dark gray branched pattern on otherwise-yellowish plastron much larger than the plastral pattern in the Midland.
• Range: Southwestern Ontario and Southern Missouri to the Pacific Northwest. In Idaho this turtle can be found in the Panhandle ^[11]

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• All Painted Turtles have a Vomeronasal Organ. (A.K.A. Jacobson's Organ)

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Painted Turtle

• Painted Turtle - Chrysemys picta Species account from the Iowa Reptile and Amphibian Field Guide
• Painted Turtle at Animal Diversity Web
• Chrysemys picta (TSN 173783). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved on 6 February 2006.
• Tennessee Aquarium [1] has an excellent habitat containing many Southern Painted Turtles.
• Midland Painted Turtle, Natural Resources Canada
• Western Painted Turtle, Natural Resources Canada