Paracel Islands

 

(päräsĕl') , Chin. Xisha, group of low coral islands and reefs in the South China Sea, c.175 mi (280 km) SE of Hainan island. They are rich in guano and are underlain by oil deposits. Prior to World War II the islands were part of French Indochina and served as a weather station. During the war they were occupied by Japan but passed to China in 1945. The islands were also claimed by the South Vietnamese, who maintained a weather station and small garrison there until 1974, when they were attacked and driven from the islands by Chinese armed forces, which then occupied them. Chinese ownership of the archipelago is contested by Vietnam and Taiwan.

Paracel Islands
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese:	西沙羣島 or 西沙群島
Simplified Chinese:	西沙群岛
Transliterations Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin: Xīshā Qúndǎo Yue (Cantonese) - Jyutping: sai1 saa1 kwan4 dou2
Vietnamese name
Quoc Ngu:	Quần đảo Hoàng Sa
Han Tu:	群島黃沙

The Paracel Islands are a group of small islands and reefs in the South China Sea and part of the South China Sea Islands^{[citation needed]}, about one-third of the way from Vietnam to the Philippines. In 1932, French Indochina annexed the islands and set up a weather station on Pattle Island; maintenance was continued by its successor, Vietnam.

People's Republic of China has occupied the Paracel Islands since 1974, when its troops seized a South Vietnamese garrison occupying the western islands. The islands are also claimed by Republic of China (Taiwan) and Vietnam. The Paracel Islands are surrounded by productive fishing grounds and by potential oil and gas reserves.

History

• Chinese history sources cite records and maps of the Paracel Islands dated as early as the Han Dynasty, as well as archaeology objects^{[citation needed]} of Chinese origin as proof of historical Chinese connection to the islands^{[citation needed]}.
• Vietnamese sources documented the islands' existence by the 15th century with references of naval expeditions to the islands to reconnoitre and salvaging of wrecks. Fishermen, however, were known to visit the islands from even earlier times to gather sea bird products and seek safe harbor during stormy seas.
• After the Sino-French War, the Chinese lost its actual control over the islands in South China sea to western colonial powers, but the governments of the Qing Dynasty and succeeding Chinese governments had never recognized the western colonial powers' take over. However, the weak Chinese regimes meant that its protests was useless. Just like earlier Chinese claims over the islands, the Chinese claim over the islands of Qing Dynasty was also ignored by western colonial powers.
• 1932, Paracel Islands was placed on the map of Vietnam by the Nguyen Dynasty. The Paracel were controlled by Nguyen Dynasty of Vietnam.
• In 1932, French Indochina and Nguyen Dynasty in Vietnam annexed the islands and set up a weather station on Pattle Island.
• In 1939, Empire of Japan invaded and occupied from the French. Ironically, the official reason for the Japanese invasion was that the islands were Chinese territory.
• After World War II, the Republic of China government reaffirmed the Chinese sovereignty over the islands like other islands in the South China Sea, and dispatched patrol force to the islands, but this was challenged by the French. However, the dispute was only political and diplomatic as both sides attempted to gain US backing.
• In the latter half of 1940s, French reclaimed the Paracel Islands. The Republic of China has never accepted the French claims.

• In 1951, at the San Francisco Conference on the Treaty of San Francisco with Japan, which formally nations are sovereign over these islands, Vietnam's representative claimed that both the Paracel and Spratly Islands are territory of Vietnam, and was met with no challenge from the nations at the conference. However, neither the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China were invited, and both considered the claim was a violation of Chinese sovereignty and neither had accepted it. Both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China condemned the decision and reaffirmed their control over the islands politically and diplomatically.
• After the fall of the nationalist regime in China, the Chinese controlled eastern half of the Paracel islands also fell into the communist hands. Several small clashes occurred between the French and the communist Chinese naval forces during this period but was eventually settled along the actual line of control with the Chinese occupying Woody Island and the Macclesfield Bank while the remainder were held by Franco-Vietnamese forces.
• After the French left in 1956, South Vietnam replaced the French in controlling the islands. Again, both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China politically and diplomatically condemned the decision and reaffirmed their control over the islands. Although the South Vietnamese inherited the same French claim over the entire Paracel Islands, the period was marked by the peace and both sides held on what was in their control without venturing into other's domain. At the same time, the maps and other official documents of the North Vietnam government during this period had shown that the islands belong to China, mainly due to the fact that China was the largest backer of North Vietnam during the Vietnam War.
• The political and diplomatic dispute became an armed conflict on January 19, 1974 in the battle of battle of Hoang Sa 1974. Chinese forces swiftly overran the South Vietnamese positions. With the ensuing civil war embroiling South Vietnam's attention, no military attempt was made to retake the islands from the People's Republic of China.
• The islands are currently claimed by the People's Republic of China, Republic of China, and Vietnam.

Geographical data

• Geographic coordinates: 16°30′N, 112°00′E Coordinates: 16°30′N, 112°00′E
• Coastline: 518 km
• Climate: tropical
• Elevation extremes:
  • lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
  • highest point: unnamed location on Rocky Island 14 m
• Natural resources: none
• Natural hazards: typhoons

Islands

• English names:
  • Islands: Tree Island, West Sand, Rocky Island, Woody Island, Lincoln Island, Pattle Island, Robert Island, Money Island, Drummond Island, Duncan Island, Passu Keah, Triton Island, etc.
  • Reefs: North Reef, Vuladore Reef, Discovery Reef, Bombay Reef, etc.
• Chinese names:
  • Yongle Islands: Shanhudao, Ganquandao,Jinyindao,Chenhangdao,Jinqindao, Guangjindao, etc.
  • Xuande Islands(宣德群岛): Zhaoshudao(赵述岛),Beidao(北岛),Zhongdao(中岛),Nandao (Island)(南岛),Shidao,Dongdao(东岛),Yongxindao(Woody Island永兴岛),etc.
  • and also: Zhongjiandao(中建岛),Gaojianshi,Panshiyu,Yuzhuojiao,Langhuajiao(浪花礁),Beijiao(北礁),etc.
• Vietnamese names:
  • Nhóm Đông (East Group, or Amphitrite Group; South Vietnamese: Nhóm An Vĩnh): đảo Cây (aka đảo Cù Mộc) (Tree Island), đảo Bắc (North Island), đảo Giữa/Trung (Middle Island), đảo Nam (South Island), đảo Phú Lâm (Woody Island), đảo Linh Côn (Lincoln Island), Cồn Cát Tây (West Sand), Cồn Cát Nam (South Sand), Đá/Hòn Tháp (Rocky Island), etc.
  • Nhóm Tây (West Group, or Crescent Group; aka Nhóm Trăng Khuyết or Nhóm Nguyệt Thiềm): đảo Hoàng Sa (Pattle Island), (đảo) Đá Bắc (North Reef), đảo Hữu Nhật (Robert Island), (đảo) Đá Lồi (Discovery Reef), đảo/đá Bạch Quy (Passu Keah/Island), đảo Tri Tôn (Triton Island), đảo Quang Ảnh (Money Island), đảo Quang Hòa (Duncan Island), đảo Duy Mộng (Drummond Island), Cồn/Đá Bông Bay (Bombay Reef), Đảo/Đá Chim Yến (Vuladdore Reef), etc.

See also

• South China Sea Islands
• South China Sea
• Battle of Hoang Sa
• Spratly Islands

Territorial disputes in East, South, and Southeast Asia
Type	Territory	Currently Administered by	Claimants
Land:	Aksai Chin		2
	Arunachal Pradesh		2
	Assam
	East Turkestan		1 2
	Heixiazi / Bolshoy Ussuriyskiy (Eastern part)2
	Heixiazi / Bolshoy Ussuriyskiy (Western part)2
	Indo-Bangladesh enclaves3
	Kashmir3		2
	Kachin State		1 2
	Kayin State		1
	Korean Peninsula and its adjacent islands3
	Mainland China2
	Mongolia2
	Pamir Mountains (Northern and central parts)2
	Pamir Mountains (Southern part)2
	Pattani		1
	Sabah		2
	Shan State		1
	Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River2
	Tannu Uriankhai (now Tuva Republic of Russia)2
	Tibet		1 2
	Trans-Karakoram Tract		2
	Wa State		1
Islands and Waters:	Kinmen
	Liancourt Rocks		2
	Macclesfield Bank
	Matsu
	Paracel Islands
	Pedra Branca
	Pratas Islands
	Scarborough Shoal
	Senkaku Islands
	Sir Creek3
	Socotra Rock		2 2
	Southern Kuril Islands
	Spratly Islands3
	Taiwan and Pescadores
Notes:	1Government in exile/exiled group. 2Inactive dispute. 3Divided among multiple claimants.

Countries and other territories in Southeast Asia
Sovereign states  Brunei  Burma  Cambodia  Timor-Leste  Indonesia  Laos  Malaysia  Philippines  Singapore  Thailand  Vietnam Dependencies  Christmas Island  (Australia)  Cocos (Keeling) Islands  (Australia) Divisions of sovereign states  Andaman and Nicobar Islands  (India)  Hainan Province  (PRC/ Claimed by the ROC)
Disputed territories Islands in the Naf River (Bangladesh, Myanmar)  · Macclesfield Bank (PRC, ROC, Vietnam) · Paracel Islands (PRC, ROC, Vietnam) · Pratas Islands (PRC, ROC) · Sabah (Malaysia, Philippines) · Scarborough Shoal (Philippines, PRC, ROC) · Spratly Islands (Brunei, Malaysia, Philippines, PRC, ROC, Vietnam) · Active separatist or autonomist movements Aceh · Maluku Islands · West Papua · Chinland · Sulawesi · Nagaland · Wa State · Zogam · Bangsamoro · Patani · Sabah

External links

• (Chinese) Xisha, Nansha and Zhongsha Office, the People's Government of Hainan Province
• (Chinese) An introduction of Xisha Qundao, from the People's Government of Hainan Province
• Vietnamese claimsPDF (1.70 MiB), from Vietnam Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• CIA World Factbook for Paracel Islands
• Spratly Islands
• Territorial claims in the Spratly and Paracel Islands
• Paracels Islands Dispute
• Paracels dispute and the impacts towards Southeast Asian human life

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