Tooth

To avoid distortion

Drs. Howard Raper and William Coolidge were early pioneers who utilized the paralleling technique in practical dental radiography. This technique involves placing the film parallel to the long axis of the tooth and the x-ray beam perpendicular to both, resulting in more accurate and consistent radiographic images.

film holder

Kyphotic angulation refers to the condition of the abnormal angulation of the spine. This usually leads to a round back deformity.