Paul Keating: Biography from Answers.com

Federal treasurer of Australia (1983-1991) and Prime Minister (1991-1996), Paul John Keating (born 1944) was a dominant and powerful Australian Labour Party (ALP) politician, widely admired and equally widely vilified, who undeniably made his mark on the party.

Paul John Keating was born on January 18, 1944, in the working-class western suburbs of Sydney, Australia. The eldest child of Irish, solidly Labor-oriented parents, Keating absorbed politics from childhood. His father, Matt Keating, was a leading local Labor Party member.

Keating was educated at De La Salle College in Bankstown, Sydney. But academic qualifications were not of interest to the impatient young Keating, and he left school in November 1958 to enter the workforce, which he did in January 1959, two days after his 15th birthday. He continued studies at night school while working as a clerk with the Sydney Country Council.

By his late teens Keating was an enthusiastic member of Young Labor, an earnest group of young people who regularly met to discuss the political issues of the day. It was a good training ground for many who were later to become Labor politicians. On the lighter side, Keating's interest had been caught by a rock band, the Ramrods, whom he heard play in the western Sydney pubs. Keating the aspiring entrepreneur wanted to make the Ramrods into something more professional and became their promoter. Under Keating's stewardship the group cut two records, both flops. Keating went on to develop his interest in politics.

During those years he had been learning, although not following a formal course of education. From the age of 18 Keating regularly visited Jack Lang, an old Labor political warhorse, then in his mid-eighties and still editing his newspaper, the Century. Lang, a one-time Labor premier and treasurer of New South Wales, was a controversial Labor figure even then, hated by some, a hero to others. To the young Keating he was a living Labor legend. From Lang, Keating learned much of Labor history and mythology and valuable lessons about government, politics, and the art of vitriolic rhetoric. Years later, Keating was at the vanguard of a push to have Lang re-admitted to the ALP, a few years before he died, at age 98, in 1975.

By the late 1960s, Keating's life had taken on a single focus: politics. With typical single-mindedness he dropped evening classes, the rock band, and social life to concentrate on building his base. It was a tough and tense fight, but in October 1969 Keating, age 24, had won nomination for the safe Labor seat of Blaxland.

Despite campaigning in a safe Labor seat, Keating threw all his energy into the 1969 federal election campaign. Taking a line from the Kennedy-style campaigning in the United States, he bought a bus and a loud hailer and cruised through the streets of Bankstown. The efforts paid off: at 25, Keating became New South Wales' youngest member of Parliament.

Once into Canberra and federal parliament, Keating was an ambitious young man in a hurry. But he had to wait until 1975 before winning a seat in a ministry - and then only briefly. At 31 he became the youngest minister in Labor's history when he was appointed minister for Northern Australia. Keating's achievement was short-lived. A few weeks later, on November 11, 1975, the Whitlam government was sacked from office. Labor, after being in office for the first time in almost a quarter of a century, was again relegated to the opposition benches.

For the bulk of the following opposition years Keating held the post of shadow spokesman on minerals and energy. But in January 1983, weeks before a federal election, Keating was reluctantly drafted into the role of shadow treasurer. Keating, although lacking the economics background, was chosen for his toughness and selling skills - and he needed all of those when Labor won government in March 1983.

Keating, with the reputation as a political killer with a sharp tongue, made his mark as federal treasurer. Labor in office embraced the free markets philosophy it had earlier opposed and, instead of reversing moves to liberalize the financial system, it advanced the process of financial deregulation that had begun under the Liberal coalition government. By the end of his first year as treasurer Keating had overseen a move to float the Australian dollar and remove virtually all exchange controls and was pushing to allow foreign banks to operate in Australia. The following year the influential magazine Euromoney voted Keating its finance minister of the year at the 1984 annual International Monetary Fund/World Bank meeting in Washington.

Tough years followed this accolade. In July 1985 Keating experienced his first serious setback when, at an ill-fated tax summit, his cherished plan for tax reform, based on a consumption tax, was rejected. But Keating won some significant tax measures, including a fringe benefits tax, a capital gains tax, and a move to end "double taxation" of company dividends. Problems intensified for Keating in 1986: Australia faced a burgeoning deficit on its current account and growing volume of foreign debt, factors which sent the currency spiraling down. Keating delivered a colorful warning that the country was destined to become a "banana republic" if attitudes and policies were not adjusted.

Some improvement was made in the current account but foreign debt continued to rise, producing potentially crippling interest costs. Labor faced a tough election when it went to the polls in July 1987, but won a third term, albeit with the loss of some key seats. Keating had marketed his economic management well. He went on to consolidate the government's achievement in turning a budget deficit into a healthy surplus. The Labor government and Keating had made laudable progress in many areas under Prime Minister Robert Hawke. The progress included reforming the financial sector, the tax system, and superannuation and, through its wages accord with the unions, holding down wages. But by the end of the 1980s Australia, burdened with rising foreign debt, was confronting the threat of a real drop in living standards. Labor was praised for its achievements but criticized for relying too much on high interest rates to dampen demand for imports and for not succeeding in pushing through micro-economic reforms that would lift productivity, boost savings and investments, and improve international competitiveness.

But despite historically high interest rates that punished business and home buyers Labor was reelected for a record fourth term in March 1990, once again beating a weak Liberal opposition team. Keating, then treasurer for seven years, was also appointed deputy prime minister in April 1990. However, in 1991 he challenged Hawke for party leadership, lost, and was relegated to the "back bench" but won the post by year end. After serving as treasurer, Keating took on the position of Prime Minister in 1991. In September 1993, Keating formally notified Queen Elizabeth II of his proposal to create a federal republic in Australia to replace, by 2001, the long-standing constitutional monarchy. Keating remained Prime Minister until 1996 when he was defeated in the election by John Howard, thus ending the Labor Party's 13-year reign.

The Honourable Paul Keating LLD (hc, KU) LLD (hc, US) LLD (hc, UNSW)
Bust of Paul Keating by political cartoonist, caricaturist and sculptor Peter Nicholson located in the Prime Minister's Avenue in the Ballarat Botanical Gardens
24th Prime Minister of Australia Elections: 1993, 1996
In office 20 December 1991 – 11 March 1996
Deputy	Brian Howe Kim Beazley
Preceded by	Bob Hawke
Succeeded by	John Howard
Constituency	Blaxland (New South Wales)
8th Deputy Prime Minister of Australia
In office 4 April 1990 – 3 June 1991
Prime Minister	Bob Hawke
Preceded by	Lionel Bowen
Succeeded by	Brian Howe
30th Treasurer of Australia
In office 11 March 1983 – 3 June 1991
Prime Minister	Bob Hawke
Preceded by	John Howard
Succeeded by	Bob Hawke
Member of the Australian Parliament for Blaxland
In office 25 October 1969 – 15 June 1996
Preceded by	James Harrison
Succeeded by	Michael Hatton

Born	18 January 1944 (1944-01-18) (age 65) Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Political party	Australian Labor Party
Occupation	Trade union staffer
Religion	Roman Catholic

Early and personal life

Keating grew up in Bankstown, a working-class suburb of Sydney. He was one of four children of Matthew Keating, a boilermaker and trade-union representative of Irish-Catholic descent, and his wife, Minnie. In his high-school years, Keating managed ‘The Ramrods’ rock band.^[1] Keating was educated at Catholic schools; he was the first practising Catholic Labor prime minister since James Scullin left office in 1932. Leaving De La Salle College Bankstown (now LaSalle Catholic College) at 15, Keating worked as a clerk and then as a research assistant for a trade union. He did not undertake any tertiary education. He joined the Labor Party as soon as he was eligible. In 1966, he became president of the ALP’s Youth Council.^[2]

Paul Keating at age 35, second from left, with other ALP figures (from left) Colin Jamieson, Peter Walsh and David Combe

Through the unions and the NSW Young Labor Council, Keating met other Labor figures such as Laurie Brereton, Graham Richardson and Bob Carr. He also developed a friendship and discussed politics with former New South Wales Labor premier Jack Lang, then in his 90s. In 1971, he succeeded in having Lang re-admitted to the Labor Party.^[3] Using his extensive contacts Keating gained Labor endorsement for the federal seat of Blaxland in the western suburbs of Sydney and was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1969 election when he was 25 years of age.^[2]

Keating was a backbencher for most of the tenure of the Whitlam Labor government (December 1972–November 1975), and briefly became Minister for Northern Australia in October 1975. After Labor's defeat in 1975, Keating became an opposition frontbencher and, in 1981, he became president of the New South Wales branch of the party and thus leader of the dominant right-wing faction. As opposition spokesperson on energy, his parliamentary style was that of an aggressive debater. He initially supported Bill Hayden against Bob Hawke's leadership challenges, partly because he hoped to succeed Hayden himself.^[4] However, by July 1982, as the leader of the New South Wales right-wing faction, he had to accept, at least nominally, his own faction's endorsement of Hawke's challenge. The formal announcement by Keating, as the faction leader, was actually penned by Gareth Evans.^[5]

In 1975, Keating married Annita van Iersel, a Dutch flight attendant for Alitalia. The Keatings had four children, who spent some of their teenage years in the Lodge, the Prime Minister's official residence in Canberra. They separated in late November 1998. Keating's daughter, Katherine, was a former adviser to former New South Wales minister Craig Knowles.^[6] Keating's interests include the music of Gustav Mahler and collecting French antique clocks.^[2] He now resides in Potts Point, in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney.

Treasurer: 1983-1991

Following the Labor Party's victory in the March 1983 election, Keating was appointed treasurer, a post he held until 1991. Keating succeeded John Howard as treasurer and was able to use the size of the budget deficit that had been left by the outgoing government to attack the former treasurer, and question the economic credibility of the Liberal-National Party. That the deficit had significantly blown out in the lead up to the election was not disclosed by the Liberal-National Party government.^[7] The incoming Hawke Labor government only learned about the extent of the deficit when briefed by Treasury officials after the election. According to Bob Hawke, the historically large $9.6 billion budget deficit left by the Coalition ‘became a stick with which we were justifiably able to beat the Liberal National Party Opposition for many years’.^[8] Although, as the former treasurer, Howard was ‘discredited’^[9] by the budget blowout, he had argued unsuccessfully against Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser, that the revised figures should be disclosed before the election. ^[10]

Keating was one of the driving forces behind the various economic reforms of the Hawke government, including microeconomic reform. The government was probably more successful at macroeconomic than microeconomic reform, given its closeness to the trade union movement.^[11] The Hawke/Keating governments of 1983–1996 pursued economic policies and restructuring such as floating the Australian dollar in 1983, reducing tariffs on imports, taxation reforms, moving from centralised wage-fixing to enterprise bargaining, privatisation of publicly-owned companies such as Qantas and the Commonwealth Bank, and deregulation of the banking system. Keating was instrumental in the introduction of the Prices and Incomes Accord, an agreement between the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) and the government to negotiate wages. His management of the Accord, and close working relationship with ACTU leader Bill Kelty, was a source of tremendous political power for Keating. Keating was able to bypass cabinet in many instances, notably in the exercise of monetary policy.^[12]

In 1985, Keating proposed the introduction of a value-added tax (known in Australia, New Zealand and Canada as the Goods and Services Tax or GST), which was debated by the party before being dropped by Hawke. The early 1990s recession, which Keating called "the recession we had to have",^[13] resulted in significant increase in support for the Liberal party, which Keating used in his push for the Labor party leadership.

Keating's tenure as treasurer and prime minister is often criticised for high interest rates and the 1990s recession. In private, Keating actually argued against interest rate rises during the period, but acquiesced to the recommendations of the public service.^[12]^[14] During the subsequent Howard Government (1996–2007), Keating often criticised Howard for taking credit over the relatively good economic conditions Australia experienced over the latter half of Howard's time as prime minister.^[15]

At a 1988 meeting at Kirribilli House, Hawke and Keating discussed the handover of the leadership to Keating. Hawke agreed in front of two witnesses that he would resign in Keating's favour after the 1990 election.^[12] In June 1991, after Hawke had intimated to Keating that he planned to renege on the deal on the basis that Keating had been publicly disloyal and moreover was less popular than Hawke, Keating challenged him for the leadership. He lost (Hawke won 66-44 in the party room ballot),^[16] resigned as Treasurer, and declared in a press conference that he had fired his 'one shot'.^[17] Publicly, at least, this made his leadership ambitions unclear. Having lost the first challenge to Hawke, Keating realized that events would have to move very much in his favor for a second challenge to be even possible. ^[18]

Several factors contributed to the success of Keating’s second challenge in December 1991. Over the remainder of 1991, the economy showed no signs of recovery from the recession, and unemployment continued to rise .^[19]^[20]Some of Keating’s supporters undermined the government.^[21] The Government was polling poorly. ^[22] Perhaps more significantly, Liberal leader John Hewson introduced Fightback!, an economic policy package, which, according to Keating’s biographer, John Edwards, ‘appeared to astonish and stun Hawke’s cabinet’.^[23] According to Edwards, ‘Hawke was unprepared to attack it and responded with windy rhetoric’. ^[24] After Fightback!, Keating ‘did practically nothing’ as Hawke’s support dwindled and the numbers moved in Keating’s favor. ^[25]

Prime minister: 1991–1996

Keating introduced mandatory detention for asylum seekers with bipartisan support in 1992.^[26] Mandatory detention was controversial under the Howard Government. On 10 December 1992, Keating delivered a speech on Aboriginal reconciliation, which is considered by many to be one of the great Australian speeches^[27]^[28]^[29]

Most commentators believed the 1993 election was "unwinnable" for Labor; the government had been in power for 10 years and the pace of economic recovery from the early 1990s recession was 'weak and slow'.^[30] However, Keating succeeded in winning back the electorate with a strong campaign opposing Fightback, memorable for Keating's reference to Hewson's proposed GST as "15% on this, 15% on that", and a focus on creating jobs to reduce unemployment. Keating led Labor to an unexpected election victory, made memorable by his "true believers" victory speech.^[31] ^[32] After Keating, some of the reforms of Fightback were implemented under the centre-right coalition government of John Howard, such as the GST.

In December, 1993, Keating was involved in a second diplomatic incident with Malaysia, over Keating's description of Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad as "recalcitrant". The incident occurred after Dr. Mahathir refused to attend the 1993 APEC summit. Keating said, "APEC is bigger than all of us - Australia, the U.S. and Malaysia and Dr. Mahathir and any other recalcitrants." Dr. Mahathir demanded an apology from Keating, and threatened to reduce diplomatic and trade ties with Australia, which became an enormous concern to Australian exporters. Some Malaysian officials talked of launching a "Buy Australian Last" campaign.^[33] Keating eventually apologised to Mahathir over the remark.

Keating's agenda included making Australia a republic, reconciliation with Australia's indigenous population, and furthering economic and cultural ties with Asia. The addressing of these issues came to be known as Keating's "big picture."^[34] Keating's legislative program included establishing the Australian National Training Authority (ANTA), a review of the Sex Discrimination Act,^{[clarification needed]} and native title rights of Australia's indigenous peoples following the "Mabo" High Court decision. He developed bilateral links with Australia's neighbours - he frequently said there was no other country in the world more important to Australia than Indonesia^[35] - and took an active role in the establishment of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC), initiating the annual leaders' meeting. One of Keating's far-reaching legislative achievements was the introduction of a national superannuation scheme, implemented to address low national savings.

Paul Keating's friendship with Indonesian President Suharto was criticised by human rights activists supportive of East Timorese independence and by Nobel Peace Prize winner, José Ramos-Horta (later to be that country's prime minister and president). The Keating government's cooperation with the Indonesian military and the signing of the Timor Gap Treaty were also criticised.^[36]

Defeat

Hewson was replaced as Liberal party leader by Alexander Downer in 1994. But Downer's leadership was marred by gaffes, and he was replaced by John Howard in 1995. Under Howard, the Coalition moved ahead of Labor in opinion polls and Keating was unable to wrest back the lead. Labor lost the seat of Canberra in a 1995 by-election. Howard, determined to avoid a repeat of the 1993 election, adopted a "small target" strategy - committing to keep Labor reforms such as Medicare, and defusing the republic issue by promising to hold a constitutional convention. This allowed Howard to focus the election on the economy and memory of the early 1990s recession, and on the longevity of the Labor government, which in 1996 had been in power for 13 years.

In the March 1996 election, the Keating Government was defeated by the Coalition, which scored a 29-seat swing. Keating immediately resigned as Labor Party leader, and resigned from Parliament a little over a month later, on 23 April 1996. ^[37]

After politics

Don Watson's biography of Keating, Recollections of a Bleeding Heart.

Since leaving parliament, Keating has been a director of various companies,^[38] including the Chairman (international) of Carnegie, Wylie & Company, a Sydney based investment bank.^[39]

A portrait of Keating was commissioned and now hangs in Parliament House, Canberra.^[40] In 2000, he published a book, Engagement: Australia Faces the Asia-Pacific, which focused on foreign policy during his term as prime minister.^[41] In March 2002, a Don Watson-authored biography of Keating, Recollections of a Bleeding Heart, was released and has sold over 50,000 copies. It has been awarded the The Age Book of the Year and Best Non-fiction book, The Courier-Mail Book of the Year and the National Biography Award.^{[citation needed]}

During Howard's prime ministership, Keating made occasional speeches strongly criticising his successor's social policies, and defending his own policies, such as those on East Timor. Keating described Howard as a "desiccated coconut" who was "araldited to the seat" and that "Howard ... is an old antediluvian 19th century person who wanted to stomp forever ... on ordinary people's rights to organise themselves at work ... he's a pre-Copernican obscurantist", when criticising the Howard government's WorkChoices policy.^[42] He described Howard's deputy, Peter Costello, as being "all tip and no iceberg" when referring to a pact made by Howard to hand the prime ministership over to Costello after two terms.^[43] On Labor's victory at the 2007 election, Keating said that he was relieved, rather than happy, that the Howard government had been removed. He claimed that there was "Relief that the nation had put itself back on course. Relief that the toxicity of the Liberal social agenda – the active disparagement of particular classes and groups, that feeling of alienation in your own country – was over."^[44]

He is currently a Visiting Professor of Public Policy at the University of New South Wales. He has been awarded honorary Doctorates in Laws from Keio University in Tokyo, the National University of Singapore, and the University of New South Wales^[45]

In May 2007, Keating suggested that Sydney, rather than Canberra, should be the capital of Australia, saying that:

John Howard has already effectively moved the Parliament here. Cabinet meets in Philip Street in Sydney, and when they do go to Canberra, they fly down to the bush capital, and everybody flies out on Friday. There is an air of unreality about Canberra. If Parliament sat in Sydney, they would have a better understanding of the problems being faced by their constituents. These real things are camouflaged from Canberra.^[46]

Keating was critical of the then opposition leader (and later prime minister) Kevin Rudd's leadership team. For example, before the 2007 federal election, which Labor won, he criticised the then opposition industrial relations spokesperson Julia Gillard, saying she lacked an understanding of principles such as enterprise-bargaining set under his government in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He also attacked Rudd's chief of staff David Epstein and Gary Gray, who was at that time a candidate for Kim Beazley's seat of Brand, to which he was elected in 2007.^[47]

In February 2008, Keating joined former prime ministers Whitlam, Fraser and Hawke in Parliament House, Canberra, to witness the parliamentary apology to the Stolen Generations.^[48]

In August 2008, he spoke at the book launch of "Unfinished Business: Paul Keating's Interrupted Revolution", authored by economist David Love. Among the topics discussed during the launch were the need to increase compulsory superannuation contributions, as well as to restore incentives (removed under Howard/Costello) for people to receive their superannuation payments in annuities.^[49]

References

^ http://www.civicsandcitizenship.edu.au/cce/default.asp?id=14942
^ ^a ^b ^c Civics | Paul Keating (1944–)
^ Former PM Paul Keating and historian Frank Cain discuss Jack Lang's life, legacy and the Depression.
^ Edwards, John, Keating: The Inside Story, Viking, 1996, p.153
^ Edwards, John, Keating: The Inside Story, Viking, 1996, p.159
^ Mitchell A Keating's daughter called to testify Sun-Herald October 17 2004
^ Hawke, Bob, The Hawke Memoirs, William Heinemann Australia, 1994, p.148
^ Hawke, Bob, The Hawke Memoirs, William Heinemann Australia, 1994, p.148
^ Errington, W., & Van Onselen, Peter, John Winston Howard: The Biography, Melbourne University Press, 2007, p.102
^ Errington, W.,& Van Onselen, Peter, John Winston Howard: The Biography, Melbourne University Press, 2007, p.102
^ Kelly, Paul, The End of Certainty: The story of the 1980s, Allen and Unwin, 1992, p.390
^ ^a ^b ^c Kelly, Paul (HTML). The End of Certainty: Power, Politics, and Business in Australia. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 186373757X. http://books.google.com/books?id=EKXBgmYeO2QC&dq. Retrieved on 2007-10-05.
^ Paul Keating - Chronology at australianpolitics.com
^ Keating still casts a shadow
^ "Paul Keating on the lead-up to the federal election". Lateline - ABC. 07/06/2007. http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2007/s1945485.htm. Retrieved on 2007-07-15.
^ Edwards, John, Keating: The Inside Story, Viking, 1996, p.435
^ Edwards, John, Keating: The Inside Story, Viking, 1996, p.438
^ Edwards, John, Keating: The Inside Story, Viking, 1996, p.439
^ Hawke, Bob, The Hawke Memoirs, William Heinemann Australia, 1994, p.544
^ Edwards, John, Keating: The Inside Story, Viking, 1996, p.440
^ Hawke, Bob, The Hawke Memoirs, William Heinemann Australia, 1994, p.544
^ Edwards, John, Keating: The Inside Story, Viking, 1996, p.439
^ Edwards, John, Keating: The Inside Story, Viking, 1996, p.441
^ Edwards, John, Keating: The Inside Story, Viking, 1996, p.441
^ Edwards, John, Keating: The Inside Story, Viking, 1996, p.442
^ Timeline: Mandatory detention in Australia, Special Broadcasting Service, June 17, 2008
^ The greatest speech
^ Keating's Redfern Address voted an unforgettable speech
^ Text of Paul Keating's Redfern Speech
^ Dyster, B., & Meredith, D., Australia in the Global Economy, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p.309
^ Text of the "true believers" victory speech at Wikisource
^ audio of the "true believers" victory speech
^ Shenon, Philip (1993-12-09). "Malaysia Premier Demands Apology". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE0DB113EF93AA35751C1A965958260. Retrieved on 2008-06-16.
^ Fast Forward, Shaun Carney, The Age, 20-Nov-2007
^ Sheriden, Greg (28 January 2008). "Farewell to Jakarta's Man of Steel". The Australian. http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23118079-5013460,00.html. Retrieved on 30-12-08.
^ The World Today - 5/10/99: Howard hits back at Keating over criticism; Australian Jewish Democratic Society - Rabin and East Timor; Microsoft Word - Alpheus Article September#35.doc; ITV - John Pilger - A voice that shames those who are silent on Timor
^ National Archives of Australia, http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/meetpm.asp?pmId=24&pageName=elections Retrieved on 2009-06-09
^ For example "ASX listing for Brain Resource Company Ltd". Company Information. Australian Stock Exchange. http://www.asx.com.au/asx/research/CompanyInfoSearchResults.jsp?searchBy=asxCode&allinfo=on&asxCode=BRC. Retrieved on 2007-08-21.
^ "Lazard Carnegie Wylie". Carnegie, Wylie & Company. http://www.carnegiewylie.com/template.asp?cid=1.4. Retrieved on 2007-08-21.
^ Government of Australia, "Parliamentary Education Office: FAQ 4.10 Parliamentary Art Collection", 2007. Accessed 25 June 2007.
^ Books in Print
^ "Middle-of-the-road fascists can't compose IR policy". The Australian. 2 May 2007.
^ "The World Today - Keating criticises ALP over compulsory super plan". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2007. http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2007/s1863256.htm. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
^ "Paul Keating relieved John Howard era is over". Herald Sun. 26 November 2007. http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22821565-5013904,00.html. Retrieved on 2007-01-12.
^ Paul Keating - Saxton Speaker Bureau - Speaker Details
^ "Keating: Sydney should be the capital". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 25 May 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071017161019/http://abc.net.au/canberra/stories/s1933102.htm. Retrieved on 2007-07-12.
^ Lateline, 7-Jun-2007, Also on YouTube: http://youtube.com/watch?v=SgUPvGN5mSo&feature=related http://youtube.com/watch?v=VsC6IZuP5F4&feature=related http://youtube.com/watch?v=61ElEVaEuOM&feature=related
^ Welch, Dylan (2008-02-13). "Kevin Rudd says sorry". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/prime-minister-kevin-rudd-made-today-an--historic-one-for-australia/2008/02/13/1202760342960.html. Retrieved on 2008-02-22.
^ Video of speech, part 1 Video of speech, part 2

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Paul Keating

Political offices
Preceded by Rex Patterson	Minister for Northern Australia 1975	Succeeded by Ian Sinclair
Preceded by John Howard	Treasurer of Australia 1983–1991	Succeeded by Bob Hawke
Preceded by Lionel Bowen	Deputy Prime Minister of Australia 1990–1991	Succeeded by Brian Howe
Preceded by Bob Hawke	Prime Minister of Australia 1991–1996	Succeeded by John Howard
Parliament of Australia
Preceded by E.J. (Jim) Harrison	Member for Blaxland 1969–1996	Succeeded by Michael Hatton
Party political offices
Preceded by Lionel Bowen	Deputy Leader of the Australian Labor Party 1990–1991	Succeeded by Brian Howe
Preceded by Bob Hawke	Leader of the Australian Labor Party 1991–1996	Succeeded by Kim Beazley

v • d • e Prime Ministers of Australia

Barton · Deakin · Watson · Reid · Deakin · Fisher · Deakin · Fisher · Cook · Fisher · Hughes · Bruce · Scullin · Lyons · Page · Menzies · Fadden · Curtin · Forde · Chifley · Menzies · Holt · McEwen · Gorton · McMahon · Whitlam · Fraser · Hawke · Keating · Howard · Rudd

v • d • e Federal Parliamentary Leaders of the Australian Labor Party

Watson · Fisher · Hughes · Tudor · Charlton · Scullin · Curtin · Chifley · Evatt · Calwell · Whitlam · Hayden · Hawke · Keating · Beazley · Crean · Latham · Beazley · Rudd

Persondata
NAME	Keating, Paul John
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Prime Minister of Australia
DATE OF BIRTH	18 January 1944
PLACE OF BIRTH	Sydney, Australia
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH

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Paul Keating

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