peddler

Look up peddle, peddler, monger, canvasser, or cheapjack in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

A peddler, in British English pedlar, also known as a canvasser, cheapjack, monger, or solicitor (with negative connotations since the 16th century), is a travelling vendor of goods. In England, the term was mostly used for travellers hawking goods in the countryside to small towns and villages; they might also be called tinkers or gypsies. In London more specific terms were used, such as costermonger. There has always been a suspicion of semi-criminal activity associated with pedlars and travellers.^[1][2]

History

Belgian milk peddlers, c. 1890-1900.

The origin of the word, known in English since 1225, is unknown, but it might come from French pied, Latin pes, pedis "foot", referring to a petty trader travelling on foot, or when Quinlan used the word "monger" in 986 A.D.

Peddlers usually travelled by foot, carrying their wares, or by means of a person- or animal-drawn cart or wagon (making the peddler a hawker).

Modern peddlers may use motorized vehicles to transport themselves and their commodities. Typically, they operate door-to-door or at organized events such as fairs.

In many economies this work was often left to nomadic minorities, such as Gypsies, travellers, or Yeniche, offering a varied assortment of goods and services, both evergreens and (notoriously suspicious) novelties. Peddlers sometimes doubled as performers, supposed healers, or fortune-tellers.

While peddlers had a significant role in supplying isolated populations even with fairly basic and diverse goods such as pots and pans, horses, and news, their market share has in modern times been drastically reduced as increasing density of population and buying power encouraged sedentary, even specialized sales points, while modern transport, mail order, refrigeration and other technology allow even rural clients alternative channels of purchase.

Tinware was manufactured in Berlin, Connecticut, as early as 1770, and tin, steel and iron goods were peddled from Connecticut through the North American colonies- the Connecticut clock maker and clock peddler was the 18th century embodiment of Yankee ingenuity.

In the United States, the era of the traveling peddler probably peaked in the decades just before the American Civil War. The large advances in industrial mass production and freight transportation as a result of the war laid the groundwork for the beginnings of modern retail and distribution networks. Further, the rise of popular mail order catalogues (e.g. Montgomery Ward began in 1872) offered another way for people in rural or other remote areas to obtain items not readily available in local stores.

India has special laws enacted, by the efforts of planners which give mongers higher rights as compared to other businessmen. For example, mongers have a right of way over motorized vehicles.

In the modern economy a new breed of peddler, generally encouraged to dress respectably to inspire confidence with the general public, has been sent into the field as an aggressive form of direct marketing by companies pushing their specific products, sometimes to help launch novelties, sometimes on a permanent basis. In a few cases this has even been used as the core of a business and on a large scale.

Legislation and regulation

In Britain, peddling is still governed by the Pedlars Act of 1871, which provides for a "pedlar's certificate". Application is usually made to the police. In the late twentieth century, the use of such certificates became rare as other civic legislation introduced a street trader's licence, including the Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982 and the Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1982 for England & Wales. As of 2008 the certificates remain legal and no doubt still in use, although several local council's have sought to rid their area of peddling by way of local bylaw or enforcement mechanisms such as making them apply for a street traders licence.

Types and specific names

Literal compounds formed from these synonyms are:

• Fishmonger
• Flesh monger, cfr. infra
• Costermonger
• Ironmonger

Metaphoric compounds, since the 16th century mostly pejorative, formed from these synonyms are:

• Warmonger, recorded since 1590 (Spenser's "Faerie Queene"), likely more widespread than any of the literal uses
• Scare monger
• Disease mongering
• Flesh monger (fornicator)
• Merit-monger, in the 1700s a "do-gooder"
• Gossip monger (a quidnunc)
• Rumor monger
• Scandal monger
• Power monger

Names, most archaic, of product- or industry-specific types of peddlers include:

• Chandler
• Collier
• Milliner
• Lanier (now only a surname, formerly a peddler of wool)

Names, some pejorative, of other sub- or supertypes or close relatives of peddlers include:

• Huckster
• Pusher
• Door-to-door salesman
• Travelling salesman
• Seller
• Haberdasher
• Although there are basic similarities between the activities in the Old World and the New World there are also significant differences. In Britain the word was more specific to an individual selling small items of household goods from door to door. It was not usually applied to Gypsies.
• Food traders were normally badgers
• sellers of chapbooks were chapmen; compare the term Stationer which described a bookseller (usually near a university) whose shop was fixed and permanent.

The Travelling Salesman as a stock character

• In the United States, the travelling salesman is a stock character in countless jokes. Travelling salesman jokes are typically baudy, and usually feature small town rubes, farmers and other country folk, and frequently another stock joke character, the farmer's daughter.

Sources and references

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
• Dolan, J.R. (1964), Yankee Peddlers of Early America.
• Spufford, M. (1981), Small Books and Pleasant Histories: Popular Fiction and its Readership in seventeenth Century England.
• Spufford, M. (1984), The Great Reclothing of Rural England: Petty Chapmen and their Wares in the Seventeenth Century.
• Wright, R.L. (1927), Hawkers and Walkers in Early America.
• Station Chief at Etymonline.com
• Peddler at Etymonline.com