In linguistics, periphrasis (Gk. peri as a preposition means "around, about, beyond", the greek preposition is cognate with Skt. pari "around, about, through," [1]) is a device by which a grammatical category or relationship is expressed by a free morpheme (typically one or more function words modifying a content word), instead of being shown by inflection or derivation. For example, the English future tense is periphrastic: it is formed with an auxiliary verb (shall or will) followed by the base form of the main verb. Another example is the comparative and superlative forms of adjectives, when they are formed with the words more and most rather than with the suffixes -er and -est: the forms more beautiful and most beautiful are periphrastic, while lovelier and loveliest are not.[2]
Periphrasis is a characteristic of analytic languages, which tend to avoid inflection. Even synthetic languages, which are highly inflected, sometimes make use of periphrasis to fill out an inflectional paradigm that is missing certain forms.[3]
A comparison of some Latin forms with their English translations shows that English uses periphrasis in many instances where Latin uses inflection:
| Latin (inflected) | English (periphrastic) |
|---|---|
| stēllae | of a star |
| patientissimus | most patient |
| amāberis | you will be loved |
References
- ^ peri-, Online Etymologic Dictionary
- ^ Trask, R. L. (1997). A Student's Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. London: Arnold. p. 166. ISBN 0-340-65266-7.
- ^ Stump, Gregory T. (1998). "Inflection". in Andrew Spencer and Arnold M. Zwicky (eds.). The Handbook of Morphology. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 13–43. ISBN 0-631-18544-5.
See also
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