perpendicular

adj.

1. Mathematics. Intersecting at or forming right angles.
2. Being at right angles to the horizontal; vertical. See synonyms at vertical.
3. often Perpendicular Of or relating to a style of English Gothic architecture of the 14th and 15th centuries, characterized by emphasis of the vertical element.

adv.
In a perpendicular position.

n.

1. Mathematics. A line or plane perpendicular to a given line or plane.
2. A perpendicular position.
3. A device, such as a plumb line, used in marking the vertical from a given point.
4. A vertical or nearly vertical line or plane.

[Middle English perpendiculer, from Old French, from Latin perpendiculāris, from perpendiculum, plumb line, from perpendere, to weigh carefully : per-, per- + pendere, to weigh.]

perpendicularity per'pen·dic'u·lar'i·ty (-lăr'ĭ-tē) n.
perpendicularly per'pen·dic'u·lar·ly adv.

adjective

At right angles to the horizon or to level ground: plumb, upright, vertical. See horizontal/vertical/change of position.

adj

Definition: at right angles to; standing
Antonyms: horizontal, level

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Third and latest of the English Gothic architectural styles, also known as Third Pointed or Rectilinear, it followed from the previous Decorated or Second Pointed style. The Perp. style first emerged in designs of c.1332 for the chapter-house and cloisters of old St Paul's Cathedral, London (destroyed), by William de Ramsey: key Perp. details, including mullions extending to the soffits of window-arches; extensive use of the bowtell; developed employment of the double-ogee; quatrefoils set in squares; bases with circular rolls, bells, and cushions over octagonal sub-bases of bell form; four-centred arches with flattened upper arcs; and square-framed arches with cusped blind spandrels were all evident. So the Perp. style emerged in the first half of C14 in London, and was further developed at Gloucester Cathedral, where the chancel (c.1337–57) displays many of its attributes, including the panel-like effect created by vertical and horizontal elements. An English style, it has no Continental, Irish, or Scottish equivalent, and survived for more than three centuries (the fan-vaulted hall staircase at Christ Church, Oxford, is c.1640). It was the first of the Gothic styles to be revived in C18.

Perp. is immediately recognizable by its pronounced verticals and horizontals in blind panels covering wall surfaces and in tracery (where the transoms are often ornamented with miniature battlements, and mullions rise straight up to the soffits of window-openings). Apertures gradually acquired flatter tops, with arches of the four-centred type. Vaults evolved from the complicated varieties involving liernes into the fan-vaults first found at the Chapter House of Hereford Cathedral (destroyed 1769) and the Cloisters of Gloucester Cathedral (both second half of C14), and developing into the spectacular fan-vaulting of King's College Chapel, Cambridge (early C16), and the Lady Chapel (or Chapel of King Henry VII (reigned 1485–1509)) at Westminster Abbey (1503–19). Rectangular mouldings framing door-or window-openings formed spandrels (often ornamented) reinforcing the controlled panel-like appearance: those hood-mouldings terminated in carved label-stops. Indeed, the panel motif is one of the most recognizable features of the style, each framed panel having an arched top, often cusped, and is repeated in rows in tracery and over the walls as blind panels. Windows got larger, composed of many lights (repeating the panel-like forms), and often filled the entire wall between buttresses.

The Perp. style is commonly found in parish-churches, especially in East Anglia, the Cotswolds, and Somerset, where great wealth was created by the wool trade. Clerestoreys were added to existing churches, and they often were vast, airy, and light: as naves were increased in height to accommodate ranges of large Perp. windows in their clerestoreys, roofs were flattened, and disappeared behind crenellated decorative parapets. In East Anglia, especially, chancels were not distinctly compartmented, being part of the main volume of the church, but demarcated by means of elaborate timber screens, often sumptuously decorated and coloured. Mouldings tended to become mechanical, and foliage less deeply cut than previously: a common moulding was the grapevine or trail, often found on screens and canopies.

The use of hood-mouldings, the flattening of roofs and arches, the adoption of wide-spread crenellations, and the elaboration of lierne- and later fan-vaulting gave the Perp. style its predominant flavour. Perp. architecture from the end of C15 to the beginnings of the Elizabethan style is often called Tudor, and frequently featured brick walls ornamented with diaper-work, very flattened arches, and prominent hood-mouldings. The Tudor style was revived in C19, often for schools, work-houses, and collegiate buildings.

Typical external (left) and internal (right) bay in the Perpendicular style (Church of Holy Trinity, Long Melford, Suffolk).



Typical external (left) and internal (right) bay in the Perpendicular style (Church of Holy Trinity, Long Melford, Suffolk).

Bibliography

• Harvey (1978)
• W. Papworth (1852)
• J. Parker (1850)

The full bibliography for this book is available to download as a pdf file.
Download the bibliography for A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (PDF: 1.2MB)

IN BRIEF: At or forming a right angle to or with an intersecting line or plane. Also: Upright or vertical; pointing to the zenith.

The wall should be perpendicular to the floor.

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Common misspelling(s) of perpendicular

• perpindicular

Dansk (Danish)
adj. - vinkelret
n. - lodret linje, lodret flade

Nederlands (Dutch)
loodrecht, verticaal, zeer steil, rechtop, betreffende/ bevattende uiteenlopende types, loodlijn, waterpas, stijl in Engelse gotiek

Français (French)
adj. - perpendiculaire
n. - perpendiculaire

Deutsch (German)
adj. - senkrecht, aufrecht
n. - Senkrechte, Lot

Ελληνική (Greek)
adj. - κατακόρυφος, κάθετος
n. - κάθετος

Italiano (Italian)
perpendicolare

Português (Portuguese)
adj. - perpendicular (Geom.), vertical
n. - perpendicular (f), vertical (f), prumo (m)

Русский (Russian)
перпендикулярный, перпендикуляр

Español (Spanish)
adj. - perpendicular, vertical
n. - línea o plano perpendicular, comida que se toma de pie

Svenska (Swedish)
adj. - lodrät, vertikal, upprätt (skämts.)
n. - normal (geom.), lodlina, lodrätt plan, upprätt ställning

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
垂直的, 直立的, 垂直线, 垂直的位置

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
adj. - 垂直的, 直立的
n. - 垂直線, 垂直的位置

한국어 (Korean)
adj. - 수직의, 깎아 세운 듯한
n. - 수직선, 수직, 수직식 건축

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 垂線, 垂直面, 垂直の位置, 垂直
adj. - 垂直の, 直角の, 直立した

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(صفه) عموددي : خط مستقيم, متعامد (الاسم) قائم الإنحدار, شديد التحدر‏

עברית (Hebrew)
adj. - ‮מאונך, אנכי, ניצב‬
n. - ‮אנך, ניצב‬

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