Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington

(b. London, 6 June 1919) British; Secretary of State for Defence 1970 – 4, Foreign Secretary 1979 – 82; Baron (succeeded to title) 1938 An ancestor, Robert Smith, had been banker and adviser to the younger Pitt at the end of the eighteenth century and was given a peerage. Peter Carrington achieved much in different fields — the military, diplomacy, in government. He was educated at Eton and Sandhurst and inherited his title in 1938. Because of service in the 1939 – 45 war he did not enter the House of Lords until 1945. Among his early posts were High Commissioner in Australia, First Lord of the Admiralty (1959 – 63), and leader of the House of Lords (1964 – 70).

Carrington became a close friend and political ally of Ted Heath. When the latter formed his government in 1970 Carrington was made Secretary of State for Defence, to which post he added the party chairmanship in 1972 and, briefly, the newly created Energy Department at the time of the energy crisis in early 1974. Carrington was blamed by some Conservatives who thought that the election campaign in February 1974 had been badly managed. The election was forced by the coal miners' strike against the government's statutory pay policy, at a time of acute energy shortage. Carrington was one of those who favoured an early election, earlier than the one that was eventually called.

In Opposition between 1974 and 1979 he had an uneasy relationship with the new party leader, Margaret Thatcher. She respected his experience, contacts, and tactical advice. But he stood for a different kind of conservatism from hers — he was more internationalist and more pro-European abroad and more conciliatory at home. Appointed Foreign Secretary in 1979 he played a key role in the passage to independence of Rhodesia/Zimbabwe and in maintaining reasonable relations with the EC; the latter were dominated at the time by Mrs Thatcher's strident insistence on eliminating a good part of Britain's net deficit with the Community.

The work of the Foreign Office on a scheme for the leaseback of the Falkland Islands to Argentina was one among many signals which led the military regime in Argentina to think that Britain would acquiesce in its seizure of the islands. When Argentina did so, opinion in Britain regarded the event as a national humiliation and, following party criticisms, Carrington resigned as Foreign Secretary. This was a step that Mrs Thatcher much regretted. But he was offended by the criticism and his resignation probably helped Mrs Thatcher. Subsequent official inquiries into events leading to the war cleared the Foreign Office and Carrington of any blame in the matter.

After leaving government Carrington continued to play a public role. He was Secretary-General of NATO (1984 – 8), and chaired the peace conference on Yugoslavia (1991 – 2). Carrington represented the aristocracy's tradition of public service. He was regarded as a politician with a sense of proportion, one who was a good diplomat because he respected other points of view and also had a sense of the limits of what politics could achieve.

He published his memoirs, Reflect on Things Past, in 1988.

The British political figure Peter Carrington, sixth Baron Carrington (born 1919), became a major figure in Conservative politics during the second half of the 20th century. After occupying major ministerial portfolios, Carrington was named secretary-general of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1984, and he served in that capacity until stepping down 1988.

Born into princely surroundings in Buckinghamshire, England, on June 6, 1919, Carrington was assured a high position in Britain by his pedigree. He was the only son of the fifth Lord Carrington and succeeded to his title in 1938. His ancestors were textile merchants, bankers, and elected members of Parliament. King George III created their baronage in 1796.

Carrington was educated at Eton and at the age of 19, with his peerage in hand, took officer's training at the Royal Military College in Sandhurst. He was commissioned in the Grenadier Guards and served throughout World War II. He took part in the campaign in France and the Low Countries, reaching the rank of major and being awarded the Military Cross (MC).

At the end of World War II Carrington chose to return to the family's country seat near Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, to take a leadership role in reforming British farming practices and to occupy his seat in the House of Lords. His natural instinct for leadership not only led him into positions with the County Council, but also caused him to be made an opposition whip in the House of Lords during the two post-war Labour governments. When the Conservatives returned to power in 1951, Carrington became a parliamentary secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. He was, at age 32, one of the youngest members of the government. British farm production was increasingly considered a key task for the government, which was faced with severe balance of payments problems. In 1951 he led the British delegation to the sixth conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization in Rome. He also served as chairman of the Hill Farming Advisory Committee for England, Wales, and Northern Ireland and was a member of the working party on agricultural education set up by the ministry in 1952. He also served a relatively brief stint as parliamentary secretary to the minister of defense after October 1954; he was notable in that position for downgrading traditional shipbuilding in favor of modern electronic naval weaponry. But he made little apparent progress in that regard.

His first major diplomatic experience came in 1956 when he was appointed United Kingdom high commissioner in Australia. That country was not entirely strange to him: he had family interests there, and his father had been born in Australia. He was popular with the informal Australians and relinquished the post in 1959 only because he was made a privy councillor and first lord of the admiralty. As head of Britain's navy Carrington had the full support of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan to modernize and shake up the centuries-old traditions that governed most planning and procedures of Britain's navy. Carrington argued for a significant increase in resources, insisting that Britain's defense posture depended above all on its ability to compete with the best of the world's navies. That did not mean matching them submarine for submarine or ship for ship - but it did mean utilizing the best of new naval technologies to deter any possible aggressors against Britain. Carrington thus had less interest in maintaining aging capital ships and invested more resources in mobile, broadly applicable technologies. In addition to his naval duties, Carrington accepted the position of assistant deputy leader of the House of Lords in 1962.

In 1963 Carrington gave up his admiralty position to become leader of the House of Lords and minister without portfolio in the Cabinet (but with principal responsibilities in the area of foreign affairs). At the age of 44 he was recognized as having a bright political future, perhaps even as a future prime minister. His role as a statesman also grew: representing Britain at discussions of the Western European Union (and arguing for greater political integration across the continent) and leading foreign policy debates in the House of Lords (and arguing against arms sales to South Africa).

From 1964 until 1970 Carrington was a member of the Shadow Cabinet and leader of the opposition in the House of Lords. His reputation during this time was neither conservative nor liberal; indeed, his pragmatism sometimes disappointed doctrinaire members of the Conservative Party looking over his record for possible future leadership positions.

Nevertheless, when the Conservatives were put back into power in 1970, Carrington was made secretary of state for defence. He attempted to introduce economies into Britain's defense budgets and still maintain a global presence to meet the Soviet challenge. He worked especially closely with Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, and Malaysia to guarantee their security and to maintain the British presence in that region militarily. In 1972 he became chairman of the Conservative Party and then changed portfolios in the cabinet, to become secretary of state for energy. He lost both positions with the change of government in 1974 and spent 1974-1979 as leader of the opposition in the House of Lords.

Carrington was appointed secretary of state for foreign and commonwealth affairs following the return of the Conservatives to office in May 1979. He was chairman of the Lancaster House Conference at the end of 1979, which led to the negotiated transfer of white Rhodesia to Black-controlled Zimbabwe. From July to December 1981 he was president of the Council of Ministers of the European Community. He resigned as secretary of state in April 1982 and became chairman of the General Electric Company (of the United Kingdom) in 1983.

The foreign ministers of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Council elected Carrington secretary-general on June 25, 1984, succeeding Joseph M. A. H. Luns. He continued in that capacity until June 30, 1988.

Lord Carrington (his friends call him Peter) published Reflect on Things Past: the Memoirs of Peter Lord Carrington in 1988. The book went into a second printing in 1989. In his book Lord Carrington reserves the distinction of having served under every Conservative prime minister for a 31-year period, beginning in 1951. Lord Carrington continues to write and give interviews and provide commentary on public affairs.

Further Reading

Interesting profiles of Carrington's career and views can be found in The New Yorker (February 14, 1983) and in The Economist (November 21, 1981).

Carrington, Peter Alexander Rupert, Reflect on Things Past: The Memoirs of Peter Lord Carrington, Harper & Row, 1988.

The Right Honourable  The Lord Carrington  KG GCMG CH MC PC DL
Lord Carrington, as Chancellor of the Order of the Garter, in procession to St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle in 2006
Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
In office 25 June 1984 – 1 July 1988
Preceded by	Joseph Luns
Succeeded by	Manfred Wörner
Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
In office 4 May 1979 – 5 April 1982
Prime Minister	Margaret Thatcher
Preceded by	David Owen
Succeeded by	Francis Pym
Secretary of State for Energy
In office 8 January – 4 March 1974
Prime Minister	Edward Heath
Preceded by	Position created
Succeeded by	Eric Varley
Secretary of State for Defence
In office 20 June 1970 – 8 January 1974
Prime Minister	Edward Heath
Preceded by	Denis Healey
Succeeded by	Sir Ian Gilmour, Bt.
Leader of the House of Lords
In office 20 October 1963 – 16 October 1964
Prime Minister	Sir Alec Douglas-Home
Preceded by	The Viscount Hailsham
Succeeded by	The Earl of Longford
Minister without Portfolio
In office 20 October 1963 – 16 October 1964
Prime Minister	Sir Alec Douglas-Home
Preceded by	W.F. Deedes
Succeeded by	Vacant Position was next held by George Morgan Thomson in 1968
First Lord of the Admiralty
In office 14 October 1959 – 20 October 1963
Preceded by	The Earl of Selkirk
Succeeded by	The Earl Jellicoe
Born	6 June 1919 (1919-06-06) (age 90) Buckinghamshire, England
Nationality	British
Political party	Conservative
Spouse(s)	Iona Maclean
Alma mater	Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst

Peter Alexander Rupert Carington, 6th Baron Carrington and Baron Carington of Upton, KG, GCMG, CH, MC, PC, DL (born 6 June 1919) is a British Conservative politician. He served as British Foreign Secretary between 1979 and 1982 and as Secretary-General of NATO from 1984 to 1988. He is the last person to have held one of the four Great Offices of State while a peer. He is also the last surviving member of the Cabinet of Alec Douglas Home.

Contents 1 Career 2 Honours 3 Honorary degrees 4 Styles 5 Family 6 In popular culture 7 Notes 8 Bibliography 9 External links

Career

Carrington was educated at Eton and RMA Sandhurst. In 1938 he succeeded his father as 6th Baron Carrington and took his seat in the House of Lords on his 21st birthday in 1940. Following Sandhurst, he was commissioned into the Grenadier Guards as a second lieutenant on 26 January 1939.^[1] He served with the regiment during the Second World War, he was promoted lieutenant on 1 January 1941,^[2] and later rose to the rank of temporary captain and acting major, and was awarded the Military Cross (MC) on 1 March 1945.^[3] The MC was awarded for his part in the capture and holding of a vital bridge in Nijmegen.^[4]

After the war Lord Carrington remained in the army until 1949, though he was on the unemployed list from October 1945,^[5] he became involved in politics and served in the Conservative governments of Winston Churchill and Anthony Eden as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry for Agriculture and Food from November 1951 to October 1954 and to the Ministry of Defence from October 1954 to October 1956. The latter year Carrington was appointed High Commissioner to Australia, a post he held until October 1959. He was also appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire on 2 July 1951.^[6]

After his return to Britain he served under Harold Macmillan as First Lord of the Admiralty until October 1963,^[7] and was then Minister without Portfolio and Leader of the House of Lords under Sir Alec Douglas-Home until October 1964, when the Conservatives fell from power. From 1964 to 1970 he was Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords. When the Conservatives returned to power in 1970 under Edward Heath, Carrington became Defence Secretary, where he remained until 1974. He also served as Chairman of the Conservative Party from 1972 to 1974, and was briefly Secretary of State for Energy from January to March 1974.

A stone set by Lord Carrington while High Commissioner to Australia, at the All Saints Church, Canberra

Lord Carrington was again Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords from 1974 to 1979. In 1979 he was made Foreign Secretary and Minister for Overseas Development as part of the first Cabinet of Margaret Thatcher. He chaired the Lancaster House conference in 1979, a wrapup of Zimbabwe's revolutionary war attended by Ian Smith, Abel Muzorewa, Robert Mugabe, Joshua Nkomo, Josiah Tongogara that paved the way for second elections in February, 1980. He was Foreign Secretary in 1982 when the Falkland Islands were invaded by Argentina. He took full responsibility for the complacency and failures in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office to foresee this development and resigned. Lord Carrington then served as Secretary-General of NATO from 1984 to 1988. He was also appointed Chancellor of the Order of St Michael and St George on 1 August 1984.^[8]

In 1991, Lord Carrington presided over diplomatic talks about the breakup of the Former Yugoslavia and attempted to pass a plan that would end the wars and result in each republic becoming an independent nation.

Apart from his political posts he was the Chancellor of the University of Reading and has served as chairman of several companies, including Christie's, and as a director of many others, including Barclays Bank, Schweppes and the Daily Telegraph. He also chaired the Bilderberg conferences for several years in the late 1990s, being succeeded in 1999 by Étienne Davignon.^[9] In 1983 he became president of the Pilgrims Society.^[10] He relinquished the Chancellorship of the Order of St Michael and St George on 7 June 1994,^[11] and was appointed Chancellor of the Order of the Garter on 8 November 1994.^[12]

After the House of Lords Act 1999 removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords, Carrington (along with all former Leaders of the House of Lords) was given a life peerage on 17 November 1999 as Baron Carington of Upton, of Upton in the County of Nottinghamshire,^[13] and therefore still sits in the House of Lords. He is currently the longest serving member of the House of Lords and is the second longest serving member of the Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council after the HRH The Duke of Edinburgh.

His surname (which the family assumed in 1839 in lieu of Smith) and life peerage are both spelt Carington (single "r"), and the hereditary peerages are spelt Baron Carrington (double "r").^[13]

Honours

• Military Cross, 1945.
• Knight Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (KCMG), 1958.^[14]
• Lord of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, 1959.
• Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH), 1983.^[15]
• Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (KG), 1985;^[16] Chancellor of the Order from 1994.^[12]
• Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (GCMG), 1988;^[17] Chancellor of the Order 1984–94.^[8][11]
• Life peerage, as Baron Carington of Upton, 1999.^[13]
• Medal of Honour, for his contribution regarding Serbian war crimes committed against civilians in Croatia (especially in the Vukovar massacre and rough displacement of citizens), 1999.
• Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1988

Honorary degrees

• University of Essex (DUniv) in 1983^[18]
• University of Reading (DLitt) in December 1989^[19][20]
• Harvard University (LLD) in 1986^[21]
• University of Nottingham (LLD) in 1993^[22]
• Newcastle University (DCL) 14 December 1998^[23]
• University of Oxford (DCL) 21 November 2003^[24]

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Styles

• Master Peter Carington (1919-1929)
• The Hon. Peter Carington (1929-1938)
• The Lord Carrington (1938-1945)
• The Lord Carrington MC (1945-1951)
• The Lord Carrington MC DL (1951-1958)
• The Lord Carrington KCMG MC DL (1958-1959)
• The Lord Carrington KCMG MC PC DL (1959-1983)
• The Lord Carrington KCMG CH MC PC DL (1983-1985)
• The Lord Carrington KG KCMG CH MC PC DL (1985-1988)
• The Lord Carrington KG GCMG CH MC PC DL (1988-

Family

Lord Carrington married Iona McClean, daughter of Lt.-Colonel Sir Francis Kennedy McClean, on 25 April 1942. They have three children:

• The Hon. Alexandra Carington DL (Norfolk) (1943-); married Major Peter de Bunsen in 1965, becoming The Hon. Mrs de Bunsen. They have three children:

• Victoria de Bunsen (1968-)
• Charles Rupert de Bunsen (1970-)
• James Peter de Bunsen (1973-)

• The Hon. Virginia Carington (1946-); married Henry Cubitt, 4th Baron Ashcombe in 1973, becoming Lady Ashcombe. The couple divorced in 1979
• The Hon. Rupert Francis John Carington DL (Buckinghamshire) (1948-) - heir apparent; married Daniela Diotallevi in 1989. She became The Hon. Mrs Rupert Carington. They have three children:

• Robert Carington (1990-)
• Francesca Carington (1993-)
• Isabella Iona Carington (1995-)

Lord Carrington's wife, Lady Carrington, died on 7 June 2009.^[25]

In popular culture

NATO secretary Carington with German minister of the exterior Genscher in 1984

Carington was portrayed by Rowan Atkinson on Not the Nine O'Clock News in a parody of Question Time, in which Lord Carington was portrayed as pedantically discussing an imminent nuclear holocaust.

Carington was portrayed by James Fox in the 2002 BBC production of Ian Curteis's The Falklands Play.

Carington was referenced on the 6th series of Peep Show (2009) in a list of imagined dog names by Mark.

Notes

1. ^ London Gazette: no. 34593, p. 608, 27 January 1939. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
2. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35077, p. 954, 14 February 1941. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
3. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36961, pp. 1173–1175, 14 February 1941. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
4. ^ "Recommendations for Honours and Awards (Army)—Image details—Carrington, Lord, Peter Alexander Rupert" (fee may be required to view full pdf of original recommendation). DocumentsOnline. The National Archives. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7667641. Retrieved 2008-12-03. 
5. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37815, p. 2877, 10 December 1946. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
   London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 38636, p. 2877, 10 June 1949. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
   London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 38654, p. 3231, 1 July 1949. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
6. ^ London Gazette: no. 39278, p. 3687, 6 July 1951. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
7. ^ London Gazette: no. 41860, p. 6942, 3 November 1959. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
   London Gazette: no. 41891, p. 7851, 11 December 1959. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
   London Gazette: no. 41966, p. 1451, 26 February 1960. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
   London Gazette: no. 42044, p. 3736, 27 May 1960. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
   London Gazette: no. 42249, p. 263, 13 January 1961. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
   London Gazette: no. 42321, p. 2546, 7 April 1961. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
   London Gazette: no. 42476, p. 7055, 29 September 1961. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
   London Gazette: no. 42504, p. 7931, 3 November 1961. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
   London Gazette: no. 42564, p. 145, 5 January 1962. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
   London Gazette: no. 42909, p. 980, 1 February 1963. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
   London Gazette: no. 42925, p. 1619, 19 February 1963. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
   London Gazette: no. 42995, p. 4217, 17 May 1963. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
   London Gazette: no. 43077, p. 6683, 9 August 1963. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
8. ^ ^{a b} London Gazette: no. 49826, p. 10601, 3 August 1984. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
9. ^ Rockefeller, David (2002). Memoirs. Random House. pp. 412. ISBN 0-679-40588-7. 
10. ^ Who's Who. 1999. 
11. ^ ^{a b} London Gazette: no. 53691, p. 8301, 7 June 1994. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
12. ^ ^{a b} London Gazette: no. 53843, p. 15625, 8 November 1994. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
13. ^ ^{a b c} London Gazette: no. 55676, p. 12466, 23 November 1999. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
14. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 41404, p. 3514, 3 June 1958. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
15. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 49375, p. 19, 10 June 1983. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
16. ^ London Gazette: no. 50104, p. 5844, 26 April 1985. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
17. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 51365, p. 3, 10 June 1988. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
18. ^ http://www.essex.ac.uk/academic/docs/cal/former.shtm#grad
19. ^ http://www.rdg.ac.uk/about/people/about-carrington.asp
20. ^ http://www.rdg.ac.uk/about/about-honorary.asp
21. ^ http://www.commencement.harvard.edu/background/hon_deg.html
22. ^ http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/registrar/honorary-degrees/hon-deg-list-july08.pdf
23. ^ http://www.ncl.ac.uk/alumni/involved/strategic/convocation/archive/minutes99.html
24. ^ http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/po/news/2003-04/nov/21.shtml
25. ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/5626228/Lady-Carrington.html

Bibliography

• Reflect on Things Past - The Memoirs of Lord Carrington. Published by William Collins, 1988.

External links

• Announcement of his taking the oath under his new title at the House of Lords House of Lords minutes of proceedings, 17 November 1999
• Lord Carrington's views on the EU from the Daily Telegraph
• Burke's Peerage entry.
• Thatcher's First Cabinet

Diplomatic posts
Preceded by ("Unknown")	British High Commissioner to Australia 1956 – 1959	Succeeded by ("Unknown")
Political offices
Preceded by The Earl of Selkirk	First Lord of the Admiralty 1959 – 1963	Succeeded by The Earl Jellicoe
Preceded by William Francis Deedes	Minister without Portfolio 1963 – 1964	Vacant Title next held by George Morgan Thomson
Preceded by The Viscount Hailsham	Leader of the House of Lords 1963 – 1964	Succeeded by The Earl of Longford
Preceded by Denis Healey	Secretary of State for Defence 1970 – 1974	Succeeded by Ian Gilmour
New title	Secretary of State for Energy 1974	Succeeded by Eric Varley
Preceded by David Owen	Foreign Secretary 1979 – 1982	Succeeded by Francis Pym
Party political offices
Preceded by The Viscount Hailsham	Leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Lords 1963 - 1970	Succeeded by The Earl Jellicoe
Preceded by Peter Thomas	Chairman of the Conservative Party 1972 – 1974	Succeeded by William Whitelaw
Preceded by The Lord Windlesham	Leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Lords 1974 - 1979	Succeeded by The Lord Soames
Academic offices
Preceded by The Lord Sherfield	Chancellor of the University of Reading 1992 – 2007	Succeeded by John Madejski
Honorary titles
Preceded by The Marquess of Abergavenny	Chancellor of the Order of the Garter 1994 – present	Incumbent
Preceded by The Earl Jellicoe	Father of the House of Lords 2007 – present
Peerage of Ireland
Preceded by Rupert Carington	Baron Carrington 2nd creation 1938 – present	Incumbent
Peerage of Great Britain
Preceded by Rupert Carington	Baron Carrington 3rd creation 1938 – present Member of the House of Lords (1940–present)	Incumbent

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