Phi Beta Kappa

 

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The Phi Beta Kappa Society
The Phi Beta Kappa Key
Motto	Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης Love of learning is the guide of life
Formation	December 5, 1776
Type	Honor society
Headquarters	Washington, D.C.
Location	United States
Membership	Over 500,000
Official languages	English
Secretary	John Churchill
Website	Phi Beta Kappa Homepage

The Phi Beta Kappa Society is an academic honor society with the mission of "fostering and recognizing excellence" in the undergraduate liberal arts and sciences.^[1] Founded at the College of William and Mary on December 5, 1776, it was the first collegiate organization to adopt a Greek-letter name and is the oldest honor society in the United States.^[2] Today there are 276 chapters and over half a million living members.^[3]

Phi Beta Kappa (ΦΒΚ) stands for Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης or philosophia biou kubernetes — "Love of learning is the guide of life."^[4]

Membership

Although each individual chapter determines its specific applicants of the Phi Beta Kappa Council's 1952 Stipulations Concerning Eligibility for Membership and sets its own academic standards, even the most generous chapter will typically elect fewer than 10% among the candidates for degrees at that College of Arts and Sciences.

Phi Beta Kappa is generally considered the most prestigious American college honor society,^[5] and membership is one of the highest honors that can be conferred on undergraduate liberal arts and science students.

However, in the last two decades, rates of acceptance of Phi Beta Kappa membership invitations by students or "members in course" have significantly dropped. During the last triennial convention held in October 2006, the national secretary (chief executive officer) of Phi Beta Kappa admitted in his annual State of the Society address that:

The data show a generally heartening, but not entirely untroubled picture. At about a third of our chapters, essentially no one turns down the invitation. At almost another third, the acceptance rate is above 80 percent. But at the remaining chapters, almost 100, the rates are lower. At a small number of chapters, the percentage of invited students who are subsequently initiated is as low as 40 percent and 30 percent. Some who have seen these figures question the viability of those campuses as sheltering institutions.^[6]

The national secretary then admitted, "It is distressing that anyone should decline this honor. Our aim is to have strong acceptance rates at all our chapters."^[6]

History

Student associations of a social nature were formed hundreds of years ago in European universities. These student groups, guilds and other social, literary, and religious associations, existed in Europe over many centuries and in many forms. Student associations in Europe exist until today (see Corps, Corporation, Studentenverbindung). Most of them where founded in the 18th and 19th century but kept older traditions like academic fencing. Contemporaneous founding of most student corporations existing today in Europe and of Phi Beta Kappa is possibly due to a parallel trend or Zeitgeist of that era in Europe and America. The institution of American college Greek-letter fraternities nevertheless has to be regarded as an independent development of American students.

Of the nine colonial colleges established in the 1600s and 1700s, the College of William and Mary was among the most prominent and had some of the best classroom and residential buildings. Founded in 1693, it is second in age only to Harvard. It was at William and Mary, during the Revolutionary War, that the first Greek-letter college fraternity was established.

When the United States Declaration of Independence was read in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776, it proclaimed the right of the colonials to have government "of the people, by the people, and for the people." Adoption of that galvanizing idea soon reached Williamsburg, Virginia, a hotbed of agitation for independence. The flame of revolution spread among students at William and Mary, and they were eager to discuss the burning issues of the day, especially topics more directly affecting student life.

However, the opportunity for students to form a group and to debate any issue was severely restricted within college walls, so students gathered in the Apollo Room of the Raleigh Tavern in Williamsburg for the limited discussions which were possible. In this atmosphere, on December 5, 1776, five close and trusted friends remained after other students returned to campus. They formed the first permanent Greek-letter society in North America. The name they chose was Phi Beta Kappa ().

It is believed that Phi Beta Kappa grew out of an older William and Mary organization, founded in 1750, named the Flat Hat Society; notably, Thomas Jefferson was a member. Phi Beta Kappa was, of necessity, a secret society. To protect its members, it had all of the attributes of most modern fraternities--an oath of secrecy, a badge or key, mottos in Greek, an initiation and a handshake.

Before the British invasion of Virginia forced closure of the College of William and Mary and the disbandment of Phi Beta Kappa in early 1781, students in New England colleges established other branches of the society. The second chapter was founded at Yale University in late 1780, the third at Harvard University in 1781, and the fourth at Dartmouth College in 1787. From them, Phi Beta Kappa evolved from a fraternity with principally academic and some social purposes to an entirely honorary organization recognizing scholastic achievement. While Phi Beta Kappa developed the distinctive characteristics of Greek-letter fraternities, it was left to other students to fill the natural human need for fellowship with kindred students by extension of fraternity to a social context.

Further chapters appeared at Union College in 1817, Bowdoin College in 1825, and Brown University in 1830. The original chapter at William & Mary also was reestablished. Secrecy was abandoned in 1831 during a period of strong anti-Masonic sentiment. The first chapter established after becoming an "open" society was at Trinity College (Connecticut) in 1845.

As the first collegiate organization of its type to adopt a Greek-letter name, it is generally considered the forerunner of modern college fraternities as well as the model for later honor societies. Ironically, it was partly the rise of true "social" fraternities modeled after Phi Beta Kappa later that century which obviated the social aspects of membership in the organization, transforming it into the honor society it is today.

By 1883, when the United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa were established, there were 25 chapters. The first women were elected to the society at the University of Vermont in 1875, and the first African-American member was elected at the same institution two years later.

Each chapter is designated by its state and a Greek letter indicating the order in which that state's chapters were founded. For example, Alpha of Pennsylvania refers to the chapter at Dickinson College (1887); Beta of Pennsylvania at Lehigh University (1887); Gamma of Pennsylvania at Lafayette College (1890); and Delta of Pennsylvania at the University of Pennsylvania (1892).

By 1920, there were 89 chapters at a variety of schools. New chapters are continuously added; currently there are 270. In 1988, the United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa officially changed its name to The Phi Beta Kappa Society.

In 2005, a controversy surrounding the revocation of a speaking invitation to filmmaker and activist Michael Moore derailed the membership application of George Mason University. Economics Professor James Bennett, faculty senate chairman, was disappointed by the decision, telling the Washington Post that "Phi Beta Kappa is the ultimate recognition of undergraduate academic achievement. We owe it to our students [to establish a chapter]." [1] George Mason will become eligible for consideration again in 2008.

The Key

The symbol of the Phi Beta Kappa Society is a golden key engraved on the obverse with the image of a pointing finger, three stars, and the Greek letters from which the society takes its name. The stars are said today to represent the ambition of young scholars and the three distinguishing principles of the Society: friendship, morality, and learning. On the reverse are found the initials "SP" in script, which stand for the Latin words societas philosophiae, or "society of philosophy".

The "key" of Phi Beta Kappa did not actually begin as a (watch) key in 1776. The first were in fact medallions, or better, watchfobs, essentially squares of metal with a loop forged integrally to the body of the fob in order to allow for suspension from a watch chain. The post or stem, designed for the winding of pocketwatches, did not appear on fobs until the beginning of the 19th century. The fobs weren't even gold at first; the earliest extant 18th century models were made of silver or pewter, and again it was not until the first quarter of the 19th century that gold largely supplanted the use of silver or pewter; some notable exceptions did occur, such as at Harvard, which continued the use of silver or pewter for some of its keys up until the first decade of the 20th century. While several stylistic features have survived since the earliest days - the use of the stars, pointing hand, and Greek letters on the obverse, for example - a number of differences are noted with older keys when compared to more modern examples. For one, the name of the recipient was not engraved on the earliest fobs or keys, and it was not until the first decade of the 19th century that examples are known on which is engraved the name of the recipient of the honor. The name of the school from which the fob or key came was also not routinely included on the earliest models, and sometimes the only way to trace a key to a particular school's chapter is by researching the name of the recipient against surviving class records (which is possible only regarding keys with the owner's name engraved). The number of stars on the obverse has also changed over the years, with never fewer than three, but on some known examples with as many as a dozen (the explanation as to the meaning of the stars in these early cases varies from chapter to chapter). Also, the date of the awarding of the honor is only seen on relatively later models (from the second quarter of the 19th century onward). Some people mistake the date that appears on the fob or key - December 5th, 1776 - as the date that a particular fob or key was awarded, when in fact that is merely the date of the founding of the society. Finally, in 1912, the key was standardized such that its size, golden appearance (some are plated), and engraving with the school's name, recipient's name, and date of the award all became standard, and the key lost much of its earlier archaic charm.

Activities and publications

The Phi Beta Kappa Society publishes The Key Reporter, a newsletter distributed quarterly to all contributing members and biannually to all other members, and The American Scholar, a quarterly subscription-based journal that accepts essays on literature, history, science, public affairs, and culture.

Phi Beta Kappa also funds a number of fellowships, visiting scholar programs, and academic awards.

Notable members

Elected as undergraduates

Bushrod Washington — William & Mary, 1778 John Heath — William & Mary, 1779 John Marshall — William & Mary, 1780 James Kent — Yale, 1781 John Quincy Adams — Harvard, 1787 Eli Whitney — Yale, 1792 David Sherman Boardman - Yale, 1792 Joseph Story — Harvard, 1798 Daniel Webster — Dartmouth, 1801 John Calhoun — Yale, 1804 Samuel Morse — Yale, 1810 Joseph Tracy — Dartmouth, 1814 William H. Seward — Union, 1819 Rufus Choate — Dartmouth, 1819 Nathaniel Hawthorne — Bowdoin, 1824 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow — Bowdoin, 1825 Asa Fowler — Dartmouth, 1833 Chester Arthur — Union, 1848 William S. Clark — Amherst, 1848 Timothy Dwight V — Yale, 1848 Joshua Chamberlain — Bowdoin, 1852 Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. — Harvard, 1861 Robert E. Peary — Bowdoin, 1877 William Howard Taft — Yale, 1878 John Dewey — Vermont, 1879 Theodore Roosevelt — Harvard, 1880 Charles Evans Hughes — Brown, 1881 Edward Bouchet — Yale, 1874 Henry Clay Folger — Amherst, 1879 George Santayana — Harvard, 1886 Henry Stimson — Yale, 1888 Bernard Baruch — CUNY, 1889 W.E.B. DuBois — Fisk, 1890 Bainbridge Colby — Williams, 1890 Learned Hand — Harvard, 1893 Alexander Meiklejohn — Brown, 1893 Harlan Fiske Stone — Amherst, 1894 Owen Roberts — Pennsylvania, 1895 John D. Rockefeller, Jr. — Brown, 1897 Richard B. Carter - Harvard, 1898 Felix Frankfurter — CUNY, 1902 Elihu Root — Hamilton, 1903 Jessie Redmon Fauset — Cornell, 1905 Ernest Everett Just — Dartmouth, 1907 John J. Parker — North Carolina, 1907 John Foster Dulles — Princeton, 1908 Owen Brewster — Bowdoin, 1909 Harold Hitz Burton — Bowdoin, 1909 Walter Lippmann — Harvard, 1909 Paul Douglas — Bowdoin, 1913 Pearl Buck — Randoph-Macon Woman's College, 1914 James Conant — Harvard, 1914 Dean Acheson — Yale, 1915 Archibald MacLeish — Yale, 1915 Charles Hamilton Houston — Amherst, 1915 Alfred Kinsey — Bowdoin, 1916 Irwin Edman — Columbia, 1917 Jarvis Offutt — Yale, 1917 Paul Robeson — Rutgers, 1919 William O. Douglas — Whitman, 1920 Percy Julian — DePauw, 1920 Countee Cullen — New York U., 1922 Herbert Brownell, Jr. — Nebraska, 1924 Alger Hiss — Johns Hopkins, 1926 George H. Hitchings — Washington, 1927 Grace Hopper — Vassar 1928 John Stennis — Virginia, 1928 Harry Blackmun — Harvard, 1929 James Michener — Swarthmore, 1929 Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. — Washington & Lee, 1929 Nelson Rockefeller — Dartmouth, 1930 Jonas Salk — CCNY, 1930

Carl Albert — Oklahoma, 1931 Dean Rusk — Davidson, 1931 Eugene V. Rostow — Yale, 1932 Daniel Boorstin — Harvard, 1934 Richard Helms — Williams, 1935 Milton Babbitt — New York U., 1936 Ed Muskie — Bates, 1936 Robert McNamara — Berkeley, 1937 Potter Stewart — Yale, 1937 Byron White — Colorado, 1937 Caspar Weinberger — Harvard, 1938 Daniel C. Tsui — Augustana, 1939 Wilma Dykeman — Northwestern, 1940 Orville Freeman — Minnesota, 1940 Ella Grasso — Mount Holyoke, 1940 Ruth Barcan Marcus — New York U., 1941 Wade McCree — Fisk, 1941 John Paul Stevens — Chicago, 1941 Betty Friedan — Smith, 1942 Phyllis Schlafly — Washington U., 1943 Cid Corman — Tufts, 1945 Frank Church — Stanford, 1947 Robert Bork — Chicago, 1948 George H.W. Bush — Yale, 1948 Tom Lehrer — Harvard, 1946 William Rehnquist — Stanford, 1948 Brock Adams — Washington, 1949 Edward O. Wilson — Alabama, 1949 Henry Kissinger — Harvard, 1950 Marv Levy — Coe, 1950 Susan Sontag — Chicago, 1951 Arlen Specter — Pennsylvania, 1951 Arthur Levitt — Williams, 1952 Stephen Sondheim — Williams, 1952 John Shelby Spong — North Carolina, 1952 Guido Calabresi — Yale, 1953 Clive Davis — New York U., 1953 Thomas R. Pickering — Bowdoin, 1953 Ruth Bader Ginsburg — Cornell, 1954 Dick Lugar — Denison, 1954 Victor Navasky — Swarthmore, 1954 John Updike — Harvard, 1954 Reynolds Price — Duke, 1955 Ralph Nader — Princeton, 1955 Gloria Steinem — Smith, 1956 Elizabeth Dole — Duke, 1958 Anthony Kennedy — Stanford, 1958 Kris Kristofferson — Pomona, 1958 Stephen Breyer — Stanford, 1959 Francis Ford Coppola — Hofstra, 1959 Bob Graham — Florida, 1959 Robert Nozick — Columbia, 1959 Richard Posner — Yale, 1959 Robert Rubin — Harvard, 1960 Lester Thurow — Williams, 1960 Fay Vincent — Williams, 1960 Pat Schroeder — Minnesota, 1961 David Souter — Harvard, 1961 Lamar Alexander — Vanderbilt, 1962 Tom Brokaw — South Dakota, 1962 Lynne Cheney — Colorado C., 1962 Richard Epstein — Columbia, 1963 David Satcher — Morehouse, 1963 John Edgar Wideman — Pennsylvania, 1963 James Woolsey — Stanford, 1963 David Boies — Redlands, 1964 Michael Crichton — Harvard, 1964 Joseph Lieberman — Yale, 1964 Angela Davis — Brandeis, 1965 Terrence Malick — Harvard, 1965 Paul Wellstone — North Carolina, 1965 William Weld — Harvard, 1966 Philip Lader — Duke, 1966 Bill Clinton — Georgetown, 1968

Henry Paulson — Dartmouth, 1968 Laurie Anderson — Barnard, 1969 Hillary Clinton — Wellesley, 1969 Jon Corzine — Illinois, 1969 E. Annie Proulx — Vermont, 1969 Frank Easterbrook — Swarthmore, 1970 Louis Freeh — Rutgers, 1971 Nadine Strossen — Radcliffe, 1972 Samuel Alito — Princeton, 1972 Benazir Bhutto — Radcliffe, 1973 Jeb Bush — Texas, 1973 E.J. Dionne — Harvard, 1973 Rita Dove — Miami U., 1973 Glenn Close — William & Mary, 1974 Christie Hefner — Brandeis, 1974 Condoleezza Rice — Denver, 1974 Ben Bernanke — Harvard, 1975 Susan Collins — St. Lawrence, 1975 Harold Hongju Koh — Harvard, 1975 Gale Norton — Denver, 1975 Robert Zoellick — Swarthmore, 1975 Lawrence Lindsey — Bowdoin, 1976 John Roberts — Harvard, 1976 Andrew Fire — Berkeley, 1978 Karen Hughes — Southern Methodist, 1978 David Addington — Georgetown, 1978 Paula Franzese — Barnard, 1980 Jennifer Granholm — Berkeley, 1980 Nicholas Kristof — Harvard, 1981 Eliot Spitzer — Princeton, 1981 George Stephanopoulos — Columbia, 1982 Kateryna Yushchenko — Georgetown, 1982 Patrick Fitzgerald — Amherst, 1982 Miguel Estrada — Columbia, 1983 Dinesh D'Souza — Dartmouth, 1983 David J. Morrow -- South Carolina, 1983 Daniel Pearl — Stanford, 1985 Carol Queen - University of Oregon 1985 Jeff Bezos — Princeton, 1986 Paul Clement — Georgetown, 1988 Ashley Judd — Kentucky, 1990 Joshua Redman — Harvard, 1991 Paul Adelstein — Bowdoin, 1991 Stephanie Herseth Sandlin — Georgetown, 1993 Emily Bergl — Grinnell, 1997 Peyton Manning — Tennessee, 1997 Rivers Cuomo — Harvard, 2006

Honorary members

• Angela Davis
• Alexander Graham Bell
• Mark Twain
• Woodrow Wilson
• Calvin Coolidge
• Franklin D. Roosevelt
• Harry S. Truman
• Jimmy Carter
• Isaac Asimov
• Leonard Bernstein
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Robert Frost
• Helen Keller
• Carl Sandburg
• William T. Sherman
• Booker T. Washington
• Henry Adams
• Henry James
• Louis Brandeis
• John D. Rockefeller
• Eudora Welty

References

1. ^ The Phi Beta Kappa Society. Phi Beta Kappa. Retrieved on 2007-08-09.
2. ^ A Brief History of Phi Beta Kappa. About ΦΒΚ. Phi Beta Kappa. Retrieved on 2007-08-09.
3. ^ Phi Beta Kappa Awards Chapter to Washington College. Washington College. Retrieved on 2007-08-14.
4. ^ Students Initiated into New Phi Beta Kappa Chapter at Xavier University. Xavier University News. Retrieved on 2007-08-14.
5. ^ Thomson, Susan C.. "Phi Beta Kappa Is Not A Social Fraternity" (Abstract), The Washington Post, Jun 20, 2004, p. A 18. Retrieved on 2007-08-09. “Phi Beta Kappa, the nation's oldest and most prestigious college honor society, isn't ringing the same old bell with college students.” 
6. ^ ^{a b} John W. Churchill, "State of the Society Address", 41st Triennial Convention of Phi Beta Kappa, Atlanta, Georgia, October 2006.

External links

• The Phi Beta Kappa Society
• "The First Fraternity"
• The History of College Fraternities

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