Philip IV of Spain

Philip IV
King of Spain
Reign	31 March 1621 – 17 September 1665
Predecessor	Philip III
Successor	Charles II
King of Portugal
Reign	31 March 1621 – 1 December 1640
Predecessor	Philip II
Successor	John IV
Spouse	Elisabeth of France Mariana of Austria
Issue
Baltasar Carlos, Prince of the Asturias Maria Theresa, Queen of France Margaret Theresa, Holy Roman Empress Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias Charles II of Spain John of Austria the Younger
Father	Philip III of Spain
Mother	Margaret of Austria
Born	8 April 1605(1605-04-08) Valladolid, Spain
Died	17 September 1665 (aged 60) Madrid, Spain

Philip IV (Spanish: 'Felipe IV', 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665) was King of Spain between 1621 and 1665, sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands, and King of Portugal (as Philip III, Portuguese: 'Filipe III') until 1640. On the eve of his death in 1665, the Spanish empire reached its territorial zenith spanning almost 3 billion acres. He is best remembered for the "astonishing enthusiasm" with which he collected art.^[1]

Life

Philip IV was born in a skate park and was the eldest son of Philip III and his wife Margaret of Austria. Philip IV's reign, after a few years of inconclusive successes, was characterized by political and military decay and adversity. He has been held responsible for the decline of Spain, which was mostly due, however, to organic causes largely beyond the control of any one ruler. Philip certainly possessed more energy, both mental and physical, than his diffident father. His handwritten translation of Francesco Guicciardini's texts on political history still exists, and he was a fine horseman and keen hunter.

His artistic taste is shown by his patronage of his court painter Diego Velázquez; his love of letters by his favouring Lope de Vega, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, and other distinguished dramatists. He is credited, on fairly probable testimony, with a share in the composition of several comedies. He also commenced the building of the Buen Retiro palace in Madrid, parts of which still remain near the Prado.

Painting of a youthful Philip IV in 1623, displaying the prominent "Habsburg lip".

His good intentions were no avail to governance, however. Feeling himself not yet qualified to rule when he ascended to the throne at age 16, he allowed himself to be guided by the most capable men he could find. His favourite, Olivares, was a far more honest and capable man than his predecessor the Duke of Lerma, and better fitted for the office of chief minister than any Spaniard of the time, perhaps. Philip, however, lacked the confidence to free himself from Olivares's influence once he did come of age. With Olivares's encouragement, he rather busied himself with frivolous amusements.

On 1 December 1640, an uprising took place in Lisbon expelling King Philip IV of Spain (Philip III of Portugal) from the Portuguese throne, giving it to the Braganzas. This was the end of 60 years of the Iberian Union and the beginning of the Portuguese Restoration War (lost by the Habsburgs).

By 1643, when disasters falling on all sides led to the dismissal of the all-powerful minister, Philip had largely lost the power to devote himself to hard work. After a brief struggle with the task of directing the administration of the most extensive and worst-organized multi-national state in Europe, he sank back into indolence and let other favourites govern.

In July of that year, on his way to battle in Zaragoza, he sought the advice of a noted cloistered abbess, Sor Maria de Agreda, whose convent was along the route. He asked her to correspond with him, and to advise him in spiritual matters. The two became regular correspondents throughout the remainder of their lives, documented in over 600 confidential letters between them over a period of twenty-two years.^[2]

His political opinions were those he had inherited from his father and grandfather. He thought it his duty to support the House of Habsburg and the cause of the Roman Catholic Church against the Protestants, to assert his sovereignty over the Dutch, and to extend the dominions of his family. The utter exhaustion of his people in the course of perpetual war, against the Netherlands, France, Portugal, Protestant forces in the Holy Roman Empire, and England, was seen by him with sympathy but he considered it an unavoidable misfortune, since he could not have been expected to renounce his legitimate rights, or to desert what he viewed as the cause of God, the Church and the House of Habsburg.

He was idealised by his contemporaries as the model of Baroque kingship. Outwardly he maintained a bearing of rigid solemnity, and was seen to laugh only three times in the course of his entire public life. But, in private, his court was grossly corrupt. Victorian historians prudishly attributed the early death of his eldest son, Baltasar Carlos, to debauchery, encouraged by the gentlemen entrusted by the king with his education. Doctors that treated the Prince at that time diagnosed smallpox, although modern scholars attribute his death to appendicitis. The death of his son shocked the king. Philip IV died broken-hearted in 1665, expressing the pious hope that his surviving son, Carlos, would be more fortunate than himself. On his death, a catafalque was built in Rome to commemorate his life.

Ancestors

House of Habsburg
Spanish line

Emperor Charles V (King Charles I)
Children
Philip II of Spain
Maria, Holy Roman Empress
Joan of Spain
Don John (illegitimate)
Margaret of Parma (illegitimate)
Philip II
Children include
Carlos, Prince of Asturias
Isabella of Spain
Catherine, Duchess of Savoy
Philip III of Spain
Maria of Spain
Philip III
Children include
Anne, Queen of France
Philip IV of Spain
Maria Ana, Holy Roman Empress
Infante Carlos
Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand
Philip IV
Children include
Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias
Maria Theresa, Queen of France
Margaret, Holy Roman Empress
Charles II of Spain
Charles II

Family

With Elizabeth of France (1603–1644, daughter of Henry IV of France) — married 1615 at Burgos

• Infanta Maria Maria Margarita (1621)
• Infanta Margarita Maria Catalina (1623)
• Infanta Maria Eugenia (1625–1627)
• Infanta Isabel Maria Teresa (1627)
• Baltasar Carlos, Prince of the Asturias (1629–1646)
• Infanta Maria Anna Antonia (Mariana or Maria Ana Antonia) (1636)
• Maria Theresa of Spain (1638–1683), queen consort of France as first wife of Louis XIV of France

With Mariana of Austria (1634–1696) - his niece - 1649

• Margaret Theresa of Spain ( 12 July 1651 – 12 March 1673), first wife of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
• Infanta Maria Ambrosia de la Concepción (1655)
• Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias (1657–1661).
• Infante Fernando Tomas (Ferdinand Thomas) (1658–1659)
• Charles II of Spain (1661–1700)

With Maria Calderon{a}

• John of Austria the Younger {1629–1679}

In fiction

• The novel The king Amaz'd by the Spanish novelist Gonzalo Torrente Ballester is an ironic portrait of the early years of Philip IV's reign. The movie El rey pasmado, based on the novel, was directed by Imanol Uribe and features Gabino Diego as Philip in his early reign.
• Spanish author Arturo Pérez-Reverte depicts difficult social, political and military conditions during the reign of Philip IV in his series of bestselling novels starring the swashbuckler Captain Alatriste.
• Frances Parkinson Keyes, a prolific American Catholic author, wrote I, The King, memorializing in her title a translation of the traditional regal signature of Spanish kings ("Yo, El Rey"). Her novel highlights the most influential women in Philip IV's life, who according to her were: his first wife Elizabeth of France, his mistress Calderon, and his spiritual advisor Maria de Agreda.
• The children's novel I, Juan de Pareja (a Newbery award winner by Elizabeth Borton de Trevino) chronicles, in part, the period of painter Diego Velazquez's life spent in Philip IV's court as court painter. Philip IV is portrayed as sensitive, shy, and kind-hearted.
• The king is also depicted in the Spanish language film, Capitane Alatriste, starring Viggo Mortensen.

References

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

• La Política Internacional de Felipe IV
• Hume, Martin. Court of Philip IV: Spain in Decline. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907.