photophobia

Photophobia is a symptom of excessive sensitivity to light and the aversion to sunlight or well-lit places. In ordinary medical terms photophobia is not a morbid fear, but an experience of discomfort or pain to the eyes due to light exposure.

Light sensitivity is usually due to too much light entering the eye, which causes over stimulation of the photoreceptors in the retina and subsequent excessive electric impulses to the optic nerve. This leads to a reflex aversion to light, and discomfort or pain. Too much light can enter the eye if it is damaged, such as with corneal abrasion and retinal damage, or if a pupil(s) is unable to normally constrict (seen with damage to the oculomotor nerve).

Patients with photophobia will avert their eyes from direct light (sunlight and room lights), or may seek the shelter of a dark room or wear sunglasses.

Causes

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2009)

Patients may develop photophobia as a result of several different medical conditions, related to the eye or the nervous system.

• Albinism
• Achromatopsia
• Ankylosing spondylitis
• Aniridia
• Anticholinergic drugs may cause photophobia by paralyzing the iris sphincter muscle.
• Aphakia
• Ariboflavinosis deficiency of (vitamin B2) riboflavin .
• Autism spectrum disorders ^[1]
• Benzodiazepines (long term use of or withdrawal from benzodiazepines)^[2][3]
• Burns to the eye
• Cataracts
• Chiari malformation
• Chikungunya
• Common Cold or Flu
• Conjunctivitis
• Corneal abrasion
• Corneal ulcer
• Cystinosis
• Dilation (naturally or chemically induced)
• Dyslexia
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome^[4]

• Encephalitis
• Eye disease, injury, or infection such as chalazion, episcleritis, glaucoma, keratoconus, or optic nerve hypoplasia
• Hangover
• Infectious Mononucleosis
• Iritis
• Magnesium deficiency
• Meningitis
• Mercury poisoning
• Migraines
• Myodesopsia
• Rabies
• Retinal detachment
• Subarachnoid haemorrhage

In mythology

In folklore and mythology, many creatures suffer from photophobia — or heliophobia, a specific fear of sunlight.

• Vampires are said to be killed by sunlight.
• Some of the many forms of Norse trolls are said to either turn to stone or become trapped above ground when the sun rises.
• C. S. Lewis wrote^[5] that the alchemist Paracelsus believed that gnomes explode when they go above ground: "if he thrust out his face ... [it] would break into splinters, bursting as a man would burst in interstellar space" — though in fact, humans exposed to the vacuum of space experience no such spectacular effect.
• In English folklore, goblins are said^[6] to find light unbearable.
• In Lithuanian and some other Eastern European folklore, the devil is said to go back to hell whenever the sun rises.

In fiction

This "In popular culture" section may contain too many minor or trivial references. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances, and remove trivia references. (October 2009)

• A modern tradition has it that vampires burn and/or disintegrate when exposed to light; this tradition was in fact introduced in the 1922 film Nosferatu. (See the article on Nosferatu for more information.)
• In J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit, orcs are said to get wobbly legs and become giddy in the head when outside, while trolls turn to stone.
• In Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events, the zombies from the movie Zombies in the Snow are forced to retreat during daylit hours.
• In the films Gremlins and Gremlins 2: The New Batch, both the Mogwai and Gremlins are incredibly sensitive to bright light; direct sunlight on their skin will kill them in a matter of seconds.
• A character from the anime Ouran High School Host Club, Umehito Nekozawa, avoids light, and wears a hood all the time to protect himself from it. When exposed to light for a short time, he collapses, but he eventually gets over it. Ironically his little sister, Kirimi, is afraid of darkness.
• prot (lowercase is proper) from the planet K-PAX (uppercase is proper) wears dark glasses while on our planet because he can see ultraviolet light and would be blind without them.
• In the films Pitch Black and The Chronicles of Riddick, the antihero protagonist Richard B. Riddick is photophobic as a result of medical alterations to his eyes which give him superhuman night vision, but force him to wear welding goggles in the light.
• In Scott Westerfeld's Midnighters Trilogy, all the midnighters (except Jessica Day) are photophobic and have an aversion to sunlight.
• The Zombies in the book and film I am Legend have a strong aversion to sunlight. As direct exposure to ultraviolet radiation burned their skin.
• In the film Star Trek: Nemesis, the Remans have lived on the dark side of Remus due to the scorching temperatures on the light side of their tidally-locked planet. Because of this, they are all photophobes.

See also

• Heliophobia, fear of sunlight
• Photosensitivity, the amount to which an object reacts upon receiving photons of light
• Erythropoietic protoporphyria, a disease manifesting itself with painful photosensitivity
• Photic sneeze reflex, a medical condition by which people exposed to bright light sneeze
• List of phobias

References

Lewis, C.S. Poems: C.S. Lewis. U.S.: Harvest/HBJ, 1964. ISBN 0-15-672248-8.

External links

• Photophobia (Light Sensitivity) at allaboutvision.com
• www.photophobia.tk