pine

Dictionary: pine¹ (pīn) pronunciation

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Any of various evergreen trees of the genus Pinus, having fascicles of needle-shaped leaves and producing woody, seed-bearing cones. These trees are widely cultivated for ornament and shade and for their timber and resinous sap, which yields turpentine and pine tar.
Any of various other coniferous trees, such as the Norfolk Island pine.
The wood of any of these trees.

[Middle English, from Old English pīn- (as in pīntrēow, pine tree), from Latin pīnus.]

pine² (pīn) pronunciation

v., pined, pin·ing, pines.

v.intr.

To feel a lingering, often nostalgic desire.
To wither or waste away from longing or grief: pined away and died.

v.tr. Archaic

To grieve or mourn for.

n. Archaic

Intense longing or grief.

[Middle English pinen, from Old English pīnian, to cause to suffer, from *pīne, pain, from Vulgar Latin *pēna, penalty, variant of Latin poena, from Greek poinē.]

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Sci-Tech Encyclopedia: Pine

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The genus Pinus, of the pine family, characterized by evergreen leaves, usually in tight clusters (fascicles) of two to five, rarely single. There are about 80 known species distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Botanically the leaves are of two kinds: (1) a scalelike form, the primary leaf, which subtends a much shortened and eventually deciduous shoot bearing (2) the secondary leaves or needles. The wood of pines is easily recognized by the numerous resin ducts and by the characteristic resinous odor. See also Pinales; Pine nut.

Thesaurus: pine

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verb

To have a strong longing for: ache, covet, desire, hanker, long², pant, want, wish, yearn. Informal hone². See desire.
To waste away from longing or grief. languish, wither. See health/sickness.

Antonyms: pine

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Definition: long for
Antonyms: despise, dislike, hate

Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: pine

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(click to enlarge)
Cluster of pollen-bearing male cones of Austrian (black) pine (Pinus nigra). (credit: Grant Heilman--EB Inc.)

Any of 10 genera of coniferous trees (rarely shrubs) of the family Pinaceae (see conifer), native to northern temperate regions, especially about 90 species of ornamental and timber evergreen conifers of the genus Pinus. Needlelike leaves and cones are solitary or in bunches. Shallow root systems make pines susceptible to wind and surface disturbance. The family includes fir, Douglas fir, hemlock, spruce, larch, and cedar. Many species are sources of softwood timber, paper pulp, oils, and resins. Some are cultivated as ornamentals.

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Architecture: pine

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The wood of a number of species of coniferous evergreen distributed throughout the world; may be divided into two classes: soft (white) pine and hard (pitch) pine. An important source of construction lumber and plywood.

Columbia Encyclopedia: pine

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pine, common name for members of the Pinaceae, a family of resinous woody trees with needlelike, usually evergreen leaves. The Pinaceae reproduce by means of cones (see cone) rather than flowers and many have winged seeds, suitable for wind distribution. They are found chiefly in north temperate regions, where they form vast forests. The family was apparently more abundant in the mid-Cenozoic era, but it has maintained its population better than other gymnosperms because the trees are more adaptable to cold, dry climates; the reduced leaf surface and deep-set stomata minimize loss of water by transpiration. The family is the largest and most important of the conifers, providing naval stores, paper pulp, and more lumber by far than any other family. In some localities almost pure stands occur, permitting economical lumbering of large numbers of a given type of tree. Of the family's nine genera four are widely dispersed throughout North America and the Old World. Members of all nine genera are represented in horticulture as introduced timber trees or ornamentals. The so-called kauri pine, although pinelike in appearance, belongs to another family (see monkey-puzzle tree).

The True Pines

Pinus (the true pines) is the largest and most widespread genus, characteristic of many north temperate regions (except the plains), especially at lower altitudes, and in a few tropical regions, notably on mountain slopes. Species of Pinus can often be identified by the leaf arrangement, one needle or clusters of from two to five (in all cases enclosed in a sheath at the base) being consistently produced by each type. Many of the pines are economically valuable; from them come the naval stores: pitch (see tar and pitch), turpentine, and rosin. Drying and nondrying oils are also made from the seeds of some pines. Several Mediterranean and American species yield edible seeds (see pine nut).

The ponderosa pine or western yellow pine (P. ponderosa), is a hard pine second only to the Douglas fir as a commercial timber tree in North America. The white pine (P. strobus) has straight-grained soft wood with little resin, used especially for interior trim and cabinetwork. It once grew densely from Newfoundland to Manitoba and over much of the E United States westward to Minnesota, but constant felling and attacks of white-pine blister rust have greatly depleted the stands, especially in the NE United States. The Norway pine, or red pine, (P. resinosa) has a similar range and has also suffered from overcutting. Its wood is somewhat heavier and is suitable for general construction. The Norway pine is frequently used in reforestation programs. The jack pine (P. banksiana), the most northern of the American species, thrives on poor and sandy soils and is much used to colonize areas where more valuable species may later be introduced. Although the trunk is often gnarled, making it unsuitable for good lumber, it supplies much pulpwood and is used locally for rough lumber, fuel, and crating. The Virginia pine (P. virginiana) of the Appalachians and the Piedmont is popular regionally as a Christmas tree. The longleaf pine, or Southern yellow pine (P. palustris) has highly resinous wood used for heavy construction and as a major source of naval stores and pulpwood. It and the faster growing slash pine (P. caribaea) of the same region have gained importance as northern pine stands have been depleted. The latter is widely cultivated in tropical areas with sandy soils. The Scotch pine (P. sylvestris), ranging from Scotland to Siberia and popular as a Christmas tree in the United States, is one of the most valuable timber trees of Europe. The cluster pine (P. pinaster), widespread in S France and in Spain, is the chief European source of turpentine. The Monterey pine (P. radiata) of California has been widely planted in New Zealand and Chile for reforestation.

Other Species in the Pine Family

Abies (fir) species are usually of more northern distribution and found at higher altitudes. Sap-filled "blisters" on the trunks of some species provide balsam. Larix (larch) and Pseudolarix (golden larch, of China) are the only two deciduous genera. Picea (spruce) is the world's most important source of paper. Cedrus (cedar) ranges from the Mediterranean area to the Himalayas; Keteleeria is restricted to E and SE Asia.

Tsuga (hemlock) and Pseudotsuga are native only to North America and E Asia. Pseudotsuga menziesii (the Douglas fir) of W North America, one of the tallest trees known (up to 385 ft/117 m) and the leading timber-producing tree of the continent, is carefully controlled by forestry measures. Its wood, usually hard and strong, is of great commercial importance for construction; it is also commonly used as a Christmas tree in the United States. Named for David Douglas, the tree has many local names, e.g., Douglas spruce, Oregon pine, red fir, and yellow fir.

Classification

Pines are classified in the division Pinophyta, class Pinopsida, order Coniferales.

Veterinary Dictionary: pining

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The state of having pine (1).

Notes on Poetry: Pine

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Contents:

Author Biography
Poem Summary
Themes
Style
Historical Context
Critical Overview
Criticism
Sources
Further Reading

Kimiko Hahn
1999

"Pine" is a beautiful example of the work of the award-winning poet Kimiko Hahn and reflects her mixed cultural Japanese American background. The poem is as delicate and subtle as a Japanese painting. It is as sensual as Hahn's own favorite literature, the poetry of Japanese women of the Heian era court, and it is as accessible as any modern American narrative poem. With just the right number of allusions and images, Hahn gently taps her audience on their shoulders and encourages them (as well as her fictitious student audience) to work harder, to dig deeper into their souls in order to tap a creative source that not only will help them understand their emotions but also will assist them in creating a piece of work that will move their future as readers. It is a poem about writing poetry as well as a poem of sensual delights.

Hahn's poem was published in 1999 in her collection Mosquito and Ant. The title of this book refers to a form of writing used long ago by Asian women. Hahn's writing is also influenced by the traditional Japanese poetry called tanka — a system used by Japanese women in ancient times to relate their emotions to one another, usually following an evening encounter with their lovers.

In "Pine," Hahn uses the title word in two ways. In indicating a pine tree, a popular symbol in Japanese literature, culture, and lore, Hahn makes reference to strength and endurance, encouraging her audience to suffer through the hardships they may encounter as they struggle to write poetry and to draw on those challenges to bring their inner feelings to full light. But she also uses "pine" in another way, a more American manner. In the English language, "pine" can be a verb. To pine for something is to long for it, to sulk, to brood. In other words, the subject of this poem is the emotions. The speaker of the poem wants to feel emotions, and she encourages young poets in the poem's last line: "So prick my skin."

Aromatherapy: pine

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pinus sylvestris

Pine is made into a stimulating oil with antiseptic properties. It has a fresh, sharp aroma and is an effective deodorant and air freshener.

Safety Precautions: May cause sensitization.

Word Tutor: pine

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IN BRIEF: To long for; yearn. Also: An evergreen tree.

To me a lush carpet of pine needles or spongy grass is more welcome than the most luxurious Persian rug. — Helen Keller (1880-1968)

Wikipedia: Pine

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This article is about the tree. For other uses of the term "pine," see Pine (disambiguation).

Pine

Maritime Pine (Pinus pinaster)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Pinophyta
Class:	Pinopsida
Order:	Pinales
Family:	Pinaceae
Genus:	Pinus L.
Subgenera
Subgenus Strobus Subgenus Ducampopinus Subgenus Pinus See Pinus classification for complete taxonomy to species level. See list of pines by region for list of species by geographical distribution.

Pines are coniferous trees in the genus Pinus (pronounced /ˈpaɪnəs/),^[1] in the family Pinaceae. They make up the monotypic subfamily Pinoideae. There are about 115 species of pine, although different authorities accept between 105 and 125 species.

1 Distribution
2 Morphology
- 2.1 Foliage
- 2.2 Cones
3 Classification
4 Ecology
5 Uses
- 5.1 Food uses
6 Etymology
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References

Distribution

Pine forests overlooking Beirut, Lebanon

Stone Pine Pinus pinea in a Rome (Italy) street

Pines are native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. In Eurasia, they range from the Canary Islands and Scotland east to the Russian Far East, and in the Philippines, north to just over 70°N in Norway, Finland and Sweden, (Scots Pine) and eastern Siberia (Siberian Dwarf Pine), and south to northernmost Africa, the Himalaya and Southeast Asia, with one species (Sumatran Pine) just crossing the Equator in Sumatra to 2°S. In North America, they range from 66°N in Canada (Jack Pine) south to 12°N in Nicaragua (Caribbean Pine). The highest diversity in the genus occurs in Mexico and California.

Pines have been introduced in subtropical and temperate portions of the Southern Hemisphere, including Chile, Brazil, South Africa, Australia, Argentina and New Zealand, where they are grown widely as a source of timber, and some species are becoming invasive.

Morphology

Pines are evergreen and or resinous trees (rarely shrubs) growing to 3–80 m tall, with the majority of species reaching between 15-45 m tall. The smallest are Siberian Dwarf Pine and Potosi Pinyon, and the tallest, Sugar Pine. Pines are long-lived, typically reaching ages of 100–1,000 years, some even more. The longest-lived is the Great Basin Bristlecone Pine Pinus longaeva, one individual of which at 4,840 years old in 2008 is one of the oldest living organisms in the world.

The bark of most pines is thick and scaly, but some species have thin, flaking bark. The branches are produced in regular "pseudo whorls", actually a very tight spiral but appearing like a ring of branches arising from the same point. Many pines are uninodal, producing just one such whorl of branches each year, from buds at the tip of the year's new shoot, but others are multinodal, producing two or more whorls of branches per year. The spiral growth of branches, needles and cone scales are arranged in Fibonacci number ratios. The new spring shoots are sometimes called "candles"; they are covered in brown or whitish bud scales and point upward at first, then later turn green and spread outward. These "candles" offer foresters a means to evaluate fertility of the soil and vigour of the trees.

Foliage

Juvenile (left) and adult foliage of Stone Pine (Pinus pinea), showing the dark brown scale leaves and needle leaves on an adult shoot

Pines have four types of leaves:

Seed leaves (cotyledons) on seedlings, borne in a whorl of 4-24.

Juvenile leaves, which follow immediately on seedlings and young plants, 2-6 cm long, single, green or often blue-green, and arranged spirally on the shoot. These are produced for six months to five years, rarely longer.

Scale leaves, similar to bud scales, small, brown and non-photosynthetic, and arranged spirally like the juvenile leaves.

Needles, the adult leaves, which are green (photosynthetic), bundled in clusters (fascicles) of (1-) 2-5 (-6) needles together, each fascicle produced from a small bud on a dwarf shoot in the axil of a scale leaf. These bud scales often remain on the fascicle as a basal sheath. The needles persist for 1.5-40 years, depending on species. If a shoot is damaged (e.g. eaten by an animal), the needle fascicles just below the damage will generate a bud which can then replace the lost leaves.

Cones

Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda): male cones

A fully mature Monterey Pine cone on the forest floor.

Pines are mostly monoecious, having the male and female cones on the same tree, though a few species are sub-dioecious with individuals predominantly, but not wholly, single-sex. The male cones are small, typically 1-5 cm long, and only present for a short period (usually in spring, though autumn in a few pines), falling as soon as they have shed their pollen. The female cones take 1.5-3 years (depending on species) to mature after pollination, with actual fertilization delayed one year. At maturity the female cones are 3-60 cm long. Each cone has numerous spirally arranged scales, with two seeds on each fertile scale; the scales at the base and tip of the cone are small and sterile, without seeds. The seeds are mostly small and winged, and are anemophilous (wind-dispersed), but some are larger and have only a vestigial wing, and are bird-dispersed (see below). At maturity, the cones usually open to release the seeds, but in some of the bird-dispersed species (e.g. Whitebark Pine), the seeds are only released by the bird breaking the cones open. In others, the fire climax pines (e.g. Monterey Pine, Pond Pine), the seeds are stored in closed ("serotinous") cones for many years until a forest fire kills the parent tree; the cones are also opened by the heat and the stored seeds are then released in huge numbers to re-populate the burnt ground.

Classification

Pines are divided into two subgenera, based on cone, seed and leaf characters:

Subgenus Strobus (white or soft pines with pinyon, lacebark and bristlecone pines). Also including pines which were classified in the ducampopinus subgenus. Cone scale without a sealing band. Umbo terminal or dorsal. Seedwings adnate or articulate. One fibrovascular bundle per leaf.
Subgenus Pinus (yellow or hard pines). Cone scale with a sealing band. Umbo dorsal. Seedwings articulate. Two fibrovascular bundles per leaf.

Ecology

Mountain pine beetles killed these Lodgepole Pines in Prince George, British Columbia.

Pines grow well in acid soils, some also on calcareous soils; most require good soil drainage, preferring sandy soils, but a few, e.g. Lodgepole Pine, will tolerate poorly drained wet soils. A few are able to sprout after forest fires, e.g. Canary Island Pine. Some species of pines, e.g. Bishop Pine, need fire to regenerate and their populations slowly decline under fire suppression regimes. Several species are adapted to extreme conditions imposed by elevation and latitude; see e.g. Siberian Dwarf Pine, Mountain Pine, Whitebark Pine and the bristlecone pines. The pinyon pines and a number of others, notably Turkish Pine and the Gray Pine, are particularly well adapted to growth in hot, dry semi-desert climates.

The seeds are commonly eaten by birds and squirrels. Some birds, notably the Spotted Nutcracker, Clark's Nutcracker and Pinyon Jay, are of importance in distributing pine seeds to new areas. Pine needles are sometimes eaten by some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species (see list of Lepidoptera that feed on pines), the Symphytan species Pine sawfly, and goats.

Uses

Commercial planting of young Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris)

Pines are among the most commercially important of tree species, valued for their timber and wood pulp throughout the world. In temperate and tropical regions, they are fast-growing softwoods that will grow in relatively dense stands, their acidic decaying needles inhibiting the sprouting of competing hardwoods. Commercial pines are grown in plantations for timber that is denser, more resinous, and therefore more durable than spruce (Picea). Pine wood is widely used in high-value carpentry items such as furniture, window frames, paneling, floors and roofing.

The resin of some species is an important source of turpentine.

Many pine species make attractive ornamental plantings for parks and larger gardens, with a variety of dwarf cultivars being suitable for smaller spaces. Pines are also commercially grown and harvested for Christmas trees. Pine cones, the largest and most durable of all conifer cones are craft favorites. Pine boughs, always appreciated, especially in wintertime for their pleasant smell and greenery, are popularly cut for decorations.

Because pines have no insect or decay resistant qualities after logging, they are generally recommended for construction purposes as indoor use only (ex. indoor drywall framing). This wood left outside can not be expected to last more than 12-18 months depending on the type of climate it is exposed to. It is commonly referred to as several different names which include North American timber, SPF (spruce, pine, fir) and whitewood.

Pine needles serve as food for various Lepidoptera. See List of Lepidoptera which feed on Pines.

Food uses

Pine cones

Main article: Pine nut

Some species have large seeds, called pine nuts, that are harvested and sold for cooking and baking.

The soft, moist, white inner bark (cambium) found clinging to the woody outer bark is edible and very high in vitamins A and C. It can be eaten raw in slices as a snack or dried and ground up into a powder for use as a thickener in stews, soups, and other foods, such as pine bread. A tea made by steeping young, green pine needles in boiling water (known as "tallstrunt" in Sweden) is high in vitamins A and C.

Etymology

The modern English name pine derives from Latin Pinus by way of French pin; similar names are used in other Romance languages. In the past (pre-19th century) they were often known as fir, from Old Norse fyrre, by way of Middle English firre. The Old Norse name is still used for pines in some modern north European languages, in Danish, fyr, in Norwegian and Swedish, furu, and Föhre in German, but in modern English, "fir" is now restricted to Fir (Abies) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga).

Notes

^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pinus

Farjon, A. 1984, 2nd edition 2005. Pines. E. J. Brill, Leiden. ISBN 90-04-13916-8
Little, E. L., Jr., and Critchfield, W. B. 1969. Subdivisions of the Genus Pinus (Pines). US Department of Agriculture Misc. Publ. 1144 (Superintendent of Documents Number: A 1.38:1144).
Richardson, D. M. (ed.). 1998. Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 530 p. ISBN 0-521-55176-5
Mirov, N. T. 1967. The Genus Pinus. Ronald Press, New York (out of print).
Classification of pines
Gymnosperm Database - Pinus

v • d • e Genera of the Pinaceae family

*Pinus* · Picea · Cathaya · Larix · Pseudotsuga · Abies · Cedrus · Keteleeria · Pseudolarix · Nothotsuga · Tsuga

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

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Translations: Pine

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Dansk (Danish)
1.
n. - fyrretræ

idioms:

pine cone fyrrekogle
pine nut pinjekerne, fyrrekogle

2.
v. intr. - hentæres
v. tr. - længes stærkt efter
n. - ananas

Nederlands (Dutch)
den, pijnboom, ananas, grenenhout, reservebank, kwijnen, smachten

Français (French)
1.
n. - (Bot) pin

idioms:

pine cone pomme de pin
pine nut pignon de pin

2.
v. intr. - languir, dépérir
v. tr. - languir (après, de faire)
n. - langueur

Deutsch (German)
1.
n. - Kiefer, Kiefernholz

idioms:

pine cone Kiefernzapfen
pine nut Piniennuß

2.
v. - sich vor Kummer verzehren
n. - Leiden

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (φυτολ.) πεύκο, (μτφ.) ξύλο πεύκου
v. - μαραζώνω, ρεύω, λειώνω, αδυνατίζω, νοσταλγώ έντονα

idioms:

pine cone κουκουνάρα (πεύκου)
pine nut κουκουναρόσπορος

Italiano (Italian)
languire, aver nostalgia, penare, struggersi, pino

idioms:

pine cone pigna
pine nut pignolo

Português (Portuguese)
n. - pinheiro (m), pinho (f), abacaxi (m)
v. - definhar, anelar, lamentar

idioms:

pine cone pinha
pine nut pinhão

Русский (Russian)
чахнуть, жаждать, скорбеть, сосна

idioms:

pine cone сосновая шишка
pine nut сосновый орех

Español (Spanish)
1.
n. - pino

idioms:

pine cone piña
pine nut piñón

2.
v. intr. - languidecer, desfallecer
v. tr. - languidecer, desfallecer
n. - languidez, desfallecimiento

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - tall, fura, pinje
v. - försmäkta, tråna, tyna (av/bort)

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
1. 松树, 凤梨, 菠萝, 松木

idioms:

pine cone 松果, 松球
pine nut 松仁, 松子

2. 消瘦, 憔悴, 衰弱, 渴望, 痛苦, 悲哀, 松树, 凤梨, 菠萝, 松木

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
1.
v. intr. - 消瘦, 憔悴, 衰弱, 渴望, 痛苦, 悲哀
v. tr. - 消瘦, 憔悴, 衰弱, 渴望, 痛苦, 悲哀
n. - 松樹, 鳳梨, 菠蘿, 松木

2.
n. - 松樹, 鳳梨, 菠蘿, 松木

idioms:

pine cone 松果, 松球
pine nut 松仁, 松子

한국어 (Korean)
1.
n. - 소나무, 소나무 재목

2.
v. intr. - 애타게 그리워하다, 수척해지다
v. tr. - ~을 열망하다
n. - 갈망

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 松, 松材, パイナップル, マツ
v. - やつれる, 思い焦がれる

idioms:

pine cone 松傘, まつぼっくり
pine nut 松果

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) صنوبرة, خشب الصنوبر, أناناس, (فعل) ينحل, يذبل, يهزل, يتوق توقا شديدا‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮עץ אורן, אורן, צנובר‬
v. intr. - ‮תשש, נמק, הידרדר, בעיקר בשל אכזבה נפשית‬
v. tr. - ‮השתוקק ל-, ערג אל‬
n. - ‮השתוקקות חזקה, צער עמוק‬

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