pinworm

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Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) (credit: Walter Dawn)

Common species (Enterobius vermicularis) of nematode parasitic to humans, especially children. Female pinworms may be 0.5 in. (13 mm) long; males are much smaller. Pinworms have a very long tail that gives them a pinlike appearance. They mate in the upper gastrointestinal tract, usually in the large intestine; the females travel to the anus, deposit their fertilized eggs on the skin near the anal opening, and die. The worms' movements cause itching; eggs transferred to the fingernails when the victim scratches may be passed to the mouth. Eggs can also be inhaled with air dust. The eggs or larvae make their way to the intestine, and the cycle begins again.

For more information on pinworm, visit Britannica.com.

Definition

Pinworms, Enterobius vermicularis, are small, white worms that can live in the intestines, are common in young children, and are easily treated.

Description

Adult pinworms live in the large intestines. Males and females are about 5 mm and 10 mm long, respectively, with the diameter of a strand of thread. After copulation, the males die. When the female is ready to lay eggs, she crawls out of the anus, and violently expels the eggs on the skin around the anus. Some of the eggs become airborne and land elsewhere, but the majority stay on the skin of the buttocks. A single female can produce more than 10,000 eggs. After laying her eggs, the female also dies. At body temperature, the eggs develop quickly and are infective in about six hours. When ingested by another person, the eggs hatch in the small intestine. Juvenile worms grow into adult, sexually mature worms in about a month. These tiny worms are quite complex in that they have mouths, throats, gastrointestinal tracts, and a nervous system. The males and females have a complex reproductive tract and reproduce sexually. There is evidence that a protozoan parasite (Dientamoeba fragilis) is transmitted among humans in the eggs of pinworms. Thus, they may occur simultaneously.

Transmission

Pinworms are extremely contagious, and the eggs are infective within a few hours of being laid. They are usually spread from child to child by contaminated fingers. When children scratch their itchy bottoms, the tiny eggs get under their fingernails. As they move around the house or classroom, the eggs can be spread. Eggs can stay on a child's skin for several hours. They can survive for two weeks on clothes, bedding, and toys. Children who touch the contaminated materials and then place their fingers in their mouths have provided a route for the tiny eggs to enter their bodies. The eggs stay in the upper part of the intestine until they hatch, then move down the length of the intestine and out the anus to lay eggs, and the cycle continues. The entire life cycle lasts four to six weeks. Sometimes adults breathe in the eggs when the bed covers are shaken; however, this is very uncommon. Transmission easily occurs by children not washing their hands thoroughly and spreading the infection to others. It is for this reason that if one member of a family is infected with pinworms, the whole family is treated.

Demographics

The pinworm Enterobius vermicularis is one of the most common nematode parasitic infections of humans in North America and Europe. It is estimated that pinworms infect more than 400,000,000 people throughout the world or approximately 10 percent of humans. There are no differences in pinworm infections on the basis of race or socioeconomic class. Neither is pinworm infection an indication of poor hygiene. This is a very easily transmissible infection that is quite widespread in children. Since the majority of children experience no ill effects whatsoever, extreme measures to treat pinworms are not indicated.

Causes and Symptoms

Pinworm infections can be asymptomatic or result in mild gastrointestinal upsets. A common symptom associated with pinworm infections is perianal (around the anus) itching. Scratching of the perianal skin to relieve the itching can lead to bacterial infections that result in more itching, etc. Eventually, this cycle produces a great deal of discomfort. Children who are infected with pinworms often show symptoms that include restlessness, irritability, and insomnia. In females, the adult pinworms can enter the vagina and cause additional irritation. Since the pinworm almost always stays in the gastrointestinal tract or vagina, there is usually no systemic illness. A few children do develop intense nighttime itching of the skin around the anus. Girls who develop vaginal pinworm may experience vaginal itching or a vaginal discharge.

When to Call the Doctor

If the child seems restless at night and complains of itching in the morning, parents should call their health-care provider to obtain a pinworm lab kit. The kit consists of a tongue depressor with a piece of clear tape on the end. To use the kit, a parent should press the end of the tongue depressor, with the tape on it, against the child's anal skin. The tape is then placed, sticky-side down on a glass slide. The health-care provider will be able to see the eggs with a microscope, and the parent may even see them around the anus during the tape test.

Diagnosis

Stool and blood tests are not helpful in diagnosing pinworms. Seeing a worm is what determines the diagnosis. The parent must check the child's skin with a flashlight during the night and the first thing in the morning and look for white, wiggling threads. Occasionally a wiggling worm may be seen on the surface of a stool. Since pinworms are so common, children with nighttime anal itching are often treated without any lab test. The classic diagnostic tool is to apply a piece of transparent tape to the skin near the anus first thing in the morning. The health-care provider can attach it to a glass slide and then examine it under a microscope for the presence of eggs. A pinworm lab kit can usually be supplied by a provider's office if necessary.

Treatment

Treatment is with a single dose of an anti-pinworm drug such as albendazole (Albenza) or mebendazole (Vermox). Vermox comes as a chewable tablet and most children, as well as adults, experience no side effects with the medication. Allergic reactions have been rarely reported, and very rare cases of convulsions have occurred. The medication kills the worms about 95 percent of the time, but it does not kill the eggs. Therefore, retreatment in two weeks is recommended. Girls with vaginal itching alone do not necessarily need treatment, since the problem will often disappear on its own. Many healthcare providers disagree as to whether to treat the whole family, while others believe it is essential to treat the entire household. It is possible that a girl may be an asymptomatic carrier, which results in numerous reinfections. If everyone is treated, however, this problem will be alleviated. If the child is over two years of age, Pin-X (pyrantel pamoate) is an over-the-counter alternative to Vermox that is available as a liquid.

Prognosis

Treatment is usually very successful if followed with the prevention guidelines to prevent reinfection and doing a retreatment within two weeks after the first.

Prevention

Pinworm infections and reinfections can be diminished by the following:

• Make certain children wash their hands before meals and after using the restroom.
• Keep children's fingernails trimmed.
• Discourage nail-biting and scratching the anal area.
• Have children change into a clean pair of underwear each day.
• Have children bathe in the morning to reduce egg contamination.
• Open bedroom blinds and curtains during the day as eggs are sensitive to sunlight.
• After each treatment, change night clothes, underwear, and bedding and wash them.

Parental Concerns

Since pinworms are so common and usually occur in children age 12 and under, there is no reason for concern unless the infection keeps reoccurring. In that case, meticulous cleaning and treatment with retreatment needs to be enforced.

Resources

Organizations

American Academy of Pediatrics. 141 Northwest Point Blvd., Elk Grove Village, IL 60007-1098. (847) 434-4000. Web site: www.aap.org.

Web Sites

Center of Disease Control and Prevention. Fact Sheet:Pinworms [cited March 6, 2005]. Available online at: .

iVillage. Pinworms: Why do they keep coming back? [cited March 6, 2005]. Available online at: www.parentsplace.com/toddlers/health/qas/0,,239278_101260,00.html.

Ohio State University. Pinworms. [cited March 6, 2005]. Available online at: www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/enterobius.html.

[Article by: Linda K. Bennington, MSN, CNS]

Any oxyurid, especially Oxyuris equi and Probstmayria vivipara both in horses, Passalurus ambiguus in rabbits, Syphacia obvelata in hamster and mouse.

• Worms

This article is about the organism. For the human infection with pinworms, see Enterobiasis.

Pinworm ICD 127.4
Pinworms(U.S.)/Threadworms(U.K.) (Enterobius vermicularis).
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Nematoda
Class:	Secernentea
Subclass:	Spiruria
Order:	Oxyurida
Family:	Oxyuridae
Genus:	Enterobius
Species
Enterobius vermicularis (Linnaeus, 1758)[1] Enterobius anthropopitheci (Gedoelst, 1916)[1] Enterobius gregorii (Hugot, 1983) (disputed)[2][3][4]

The pinworm (in the United States of America) (genus Enterobius), also known as threadworm (in the United Kingdom) or seatworm, is a nematode (roundworm) and a common human intestinal parasite, especially in children.^[5] The medical condition associated with pinworm infestation is known as enterobiasis,^[6] or less precisely as oxyuriasis in reference to the family Oxyuridae.^[7]

Throughout this article the word pinworm refers to Enterobius. In British usage, however, pinworm refers to Strongyloides while Enterobius is called threadworm.^[8]

Contents 1 Classification 2 Morphology 3 Distribution 4 Life cycle 5 Transmission 6 Effect on host 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References

Classification

The pinworm (genus Enterobius) is a type of roundworm (nematode), and three species of pinworm have been identified with certainty.^[9] Humans are hosts only to Enterobius vermicularis (formerly Oxyuris vermicularis).^[10] Chimpanzees are host to Enterobius anthropopitheci, which is morphologically distinguishable from the human pinworm.^[3] Hugot (1983) claims there is another species affecting humans, Enterobius gregorii, which is supposedly a sister species of E. vermicularis, and has a slightly smaller spicule (i.e., sexual organ).^[11] Its existence is controversial however; Totkova et al. (2003) consider there to be insufficient evidence,^[4] and Hasagawa et al. (2006) contend that E. gregorii is a younger stage of E. vermicularis.^[2][3] Regardless of its status as a distinct species, E. gregorii is considered clinically identical to E. vermicularis.^[10]

Morphology

Two female pinworms next to a ruler. The markings are one millimeter apart.

The pinworm appears as a white, small and delicate nematode (i.e., roundworm).^[12] The adult female has a sharply pointed posterior end, is 8 to 13 millimeters long, and 0.5 millimeter thick.^[12] The adult male is considerably smaller, measuring 2 to 5 millimeters long and 0.2 millimeter thick, and has a curved posterior end.^[12] The eggs are translucent^[12] and have a surface that adheres to environmental objects.^[13] The eggs measure 50 to 60 micrometers by 20 to 30 micrometers, and have a thick shell that is flattened on one side.^[12] The small size and colorlessness of the eggs make them invisible to the naked eye, except in barely visible clumps of thousands of eggs. Eggs may contain a developing embryo or a fully developed pinworm larva.^[12] The larvae grow to 140–150 micrometers in length.^[13]

Distribution

The pinworm has a worldwide distribution,^[14] and is the most common helminth (i.e., parasitic worm) infection in the United States and Western Europe.^[15] In the United States, a study by the Center of Disease Control reported an overall incidence rate of 11.4% among people of all ages.^[15] Pinworms are particularly common in children, with prevalence rates in this age group having been reported as high as 61% in India, 50% in England, 39% in Thailand, 37% in Sweden, and 29% in Denmark.^[15] Finger sucking has been shown to increase both incidence and relapse rates,^[15] and nail biting has been similarly associated.^[16] Because it spreads from host to host through contamination, pinworms are common among people living in close contact, and tends to occur in all people within a household.^[14] The prevalence of pinworms is not associated with gender,^[14] nor with any particular social class, race, or culture.^[15] Pinworms are an exception to the tenet that intestinal parasites are uncommon in affluent communities.^[15] The earliest known instance of pinworms is evidenced by pinworm eggs found in coprolite, carbon dated to 7837 BC at western Utah.^[13]

Life cycle

Pinworm life cycle.

The entire life cycle—from egg to adult—takes place in the human gastrointestinal tract of a single human host.^[12][13] Cook et al. (2009) and Burkhart & Burkhart (2005) disagree over the length of this process, with Cook et al. stating two to four weeks,^[17] while Burkhart & Burkhart states that it takes from four to eight weeks.^[15]

The life cycle begins with eggs being ingested.^[13] The eggs hatch in the duodenum (i.e., first part of the small intestine).^[18] The emerging pinworm larvae grow rapidly to a size of 140 to 150 micrometers in size,^[17] and migrate through the small intestine towards the colon.^[13] During this migration they moult twice and become adults.^[13][15] Females survive for 5 to 13 weeks, and males about 7 weeks.^[13] The male and female pinworms mate in the ileum (i.e., last part of the small intestine),^[13] whereafter the male pinworms usually die,^[18] and are passed out with stool.^[19] The gravid female pinworms settle in the ileum, caecum (i.e., beginning of the large intestine), appendix and ascending colon,^[13] where they attach themselves to the mucosa^[15] and ingest colonic contents.^[14] Almost the entire body of a gravid female becomes filled with eggs.^[18] The estimations of the number of eggs in a gravid female pinworm ranges from about 11,000^[13] to 16,000.^[15] The egg-laying process begins approximately five weeks after initial ingestion of pinworm eggs by the human host.^[13] The gravid female pinworms migrate through the colon towards the rectum at a rate of 12 to 14 centimeters per hour.^[13] They emerge from the anus, and while moving on the skin near the anus, the female pinworms deposit eggs either through (1) contracting and expelling the eggs, (2) dying and then disintegrating, or (3) bodily rupture due to the host scratching the worm.^[18] After depositing the eggs, the female becomes opaque and dies.^[19] The reason the female emerges from the anus is to obtain the oxygen necessary for the maturation of the eggs.^[19]

Transmission

Pinworms spread through human-to-human transmission, by ingesting (i.e., swallowing) infectious pinworm eggs and/or by anal sex.^[15][18] The eggs are hardy and can remain viable (i.e., infectious) in a moist environment for up to three weeks.^[19][15] They do not tolerate heat well, but can survive in low temperatures: two-thirds of the eggs are still viable after 18 hours at −8 degrees Celsius (18 °F).^[19]

After the eggs have been initially deposited near the anus, they are readily transmitted to other surfaces through contamination.^[18] The surface of the eggs is sticky when laid,^[13][19] and the eggs are readily transmitted from their initial deposit near the anus to fingernails, hands, night-clothing and bed linen.^[17] From here, eggs are further transmitted to food, water, furniture, toys, bathroom fixtures and other objects.^[13][15][18] Household pets often carry the eggs in their fur, while not actually being infected.^[20] Dust containing eggs can become airborne and widely dispersed when dislodged from surfaces, for instance when shaking out bed clothes and linen.^[19][20][15] Consequently the eggs can enter the mouth and nose through inhalation, and be swallowed later.^{[19][15][17][18]} Although pinworms do not strictly multiply inside the body of their human host,^[17] some of the pinworm larvae may hatch on the anal mucosa, and migrate up the bowel and back into the gastrointestinal tract of the original host.^[15][17] This process is called retroinfection.^[19][15] According to Burkhart (2005), when this retroinfection occurs, it leads to a heavy parasitic load and ensures that the pinworm infestation continues.^[15] This statement is contradictory to a statement by Caldwelli (1982), who contends that retroinfection is rare and not clinically significant.^[19] Despite the limited, 13 week lifespan of individual pinworms,^[13] autoinfection (i.e., infection from the original host to itself), either through the anus-to-mouth route or through retroinfection, causes the pinworms to inhabit the same host indefinitely.^[15]

Effect on host

Main article: Enterobiasis

In humans, enterobius vermicularis causes the medical condition enterobiasis, whose primary symptom is itching in the anal area.

^[21]

Gallery

• 

  Pinworms are sometimes diagnosed incidentally by pathology. Micrograph of pinworms in the appendix. H&E stain.

• 

  High magnification micrograph of a pinworm in cross section in the appendix. H&E stain.

• 

  Enterobius vermicularis egg under a light microscope.

• 

  Pinworms are sometimes diagnosed incidentally by pathology. Micrograph of male pinworm in cross section. Alae (blue arrow), intestine (red arrow) and testis (black arrow). H&E stain.

• 

  Pinworm eggs are easily seen under a microscope.

• 

  This micrograph reveals the cephalic alae in the head region of Enterobius vermicularis.

See also

• Enterobiasis (pinworm infection)

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Hasegawa et al. 2005.
2. ^ ^{a b} Hasegawa et al. 1998
3. ^ ^{a b c} Hasegawa et al. 2006
4. ^ ^{a b} Totkova et al. 2003
5. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica.
6. ^ Merriam-Webster: Enterobiasis
7. ^ Merriam-Webster: Oxyuriasis
8. ^ Vanderkooi 2000, p. B-152 & B-225
9. ^ NCBI taxonomy database 2009
10. ^ ^{a b} dpdx 2009
11. ^ Hugot 1983
12. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Gutiérrez 2005, p. 354.
13. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p} Cook 1994, p. 1159
14. ^ ^{a b c d} Gutiérrez 2005, p. 355.
15. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s} Burkhart & burkhart 2005, p. 837
16. ^ Cook 1994, p. 1160
17. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Cook et al. 2009, p. 1516
18. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Garcia 1999, p. 246
19. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Caldwell 1982, p. 307.
20. ^ ^{a b} Caldwell 1982, p. 308.
21. ^ "Enterobiasis leads to itching". http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Threadworms.htm. Retrieved August 20, 2011. 

References

• Hasegawa H, Ikeda Y, Fujisaki A, et al. (December 2005). "Morphology of chimpanzee pinworms, Enterobius (Enterobius) anthropopitheci (Gedoelst, 1916) (Nematoda: Oxyuridae), collected from chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, on Rubondo Island, Tanzania". The Journal of Parasitology 91 (6): 1314–7. doi:10.1645/GE-569R.1. PMID 16539010. 
• "Pinworm". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/461262/pinworm. Retrieved 2009-04-08. 
• "Enterobiasis". Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/enterobiasis. Retrieved 2009-04-08. 
• "Oxyuriasis". Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/oxyuriasis. Retrieved 2009-04-08. 
• Totkova A, Klobusicky M, Holkova R, Valent M (2003). "Enterobius gregorii--reality or fiction?". Bratislavské Lekárske Listy 104 (3): 130–3. PMID 12940699. http://www.bmj.sk/2003/10403-06.pdf. 
• "Enterobius". NCBI taxonomy database. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2009. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=51027&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock. Retrieved 2009-04-08. 
• "Enterobiasis". DPDx. Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/html/Enterobiasis.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-08. 
• Nakano T, Okamoto M, Ikeda Y, Hasegawa H (December 2006). "Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene and nuclear rDNA regions of Enterobius vermicularis parasitic in captive chimpanzees with special reference to its relationship with pinworms in humans". Parasitology Research 100 (1): 51–7. doi:10.1007/s00436-006-0238-4. PMID 16788831. 
• Hugot JP (1983). "[Enterobius gregorii (Oxyuridae, Nematoda), a new human parasite]" (in French). Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 58 (4): 403–4. PMID 6416131. 
• Hasegawa H, Takao Y, Nakao M, Fukuma T, Tsuruta O, Ide K (February 1998). "Is Enterobius gregorii Hugot, 1983 (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) a distinct species?". The Journal of Parasitology 84 (1): 131–4. doi:10.2307/3284542. PMID 9488350. 
• Gutiérrez, Yezid (2000) (PDF). Diagnostic pathology of parasitic infections with clinical correlations (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 354–366. ISBN 0195121430. http://books.google.fi/books?id=oKSEhVMVrJ4C&lpg=PP1&ots=Wh5-BxVqNC&dq=Guti%C3%A9rrez%2C%20Yezid&pg=PA354#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 21 August 2009. 
• Cook, Gordon C; Zumla, Alimuddin I (2009). Manson's tropical diseases (22nd ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 1515–1519. ISBN 978-1-4160-4470-3. http://books.google.fi/books?id=CF2INI0O6l0C&lpg=PA1515&dq=Cook%20Enterobius%20vermicularis&pg=PA1515#v=onepage&q=Cook%20Enterobius%20vermicularis&f=false. Retrieved 18 November 2009. 
• "B80: Enterobiasis". International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) 10th Revision. World Health Organization. 2007. http://apps.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/?gb65.htm+b80. Retrieved 2009-12-05. 
• Cook GC (September 1994). "Enterobius vermicularis infection". Gut 35 (9): 1159–62. doi:10.1136/gut.35.9.1159. PMC 1375686. PMID 7959218. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1375686. 
• Garcia, Lynne Shore (2009). Practical guide to diagnostic parasitology. American Society for Microbiology. pp. 246–247. ISBN 1-55581-154-X. http://books.google.fi/books?id=8AWz0cS6e9kC&lpg=PA246&ots=XNdlR_64ek&dq=%22scotch%20tape%20anal%20swab%22&pg=PA246#v=onepage&q=%22scotch%20tape%20anal%20swab%22&f=false. Retrieved 2009-12-05. 
• Burkhart CN, Burkhart CG (October 2005). "Assessment of frequency, transmission, and genitourinary complications of enterobiasis (pinworms)". International Journal of Dermatology 44 (10): 837–40. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02332.x. PMID 16207185. 
• Caldwell JP (February 1982). "Pinworms (Enterobius Vermicularis)". Canadian Family Physician 28: 306–9. PMC 2306321. PMID 21286054. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2306321. 
• Vanderkooi M (2000). Village Medical Manual (5th ed.). 

v d e Infectious diseases · Parasitic disease: helminthiases (B65–B83, 120–129) Flatworm/ platyhelminth Fluke/trematode (Trematode infection) Blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni/japonicum/mekongi/haematobium (Schistosomiasis) · Trichobilharzia regenti (Swimmer's itch) Liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis (Clonorchiasis) · Fasciola hepatica/gigantica (Fascioliasis) · Opisthorchis viverrini/Opisthorchis felineus (Opisthorchiasis) Lung fluke Paragonimus westermani (Paragonimiasis) Intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski (Fasciolopsiasis)  · Metagonimus yokagawai (Metagonimiasis)  · Heterophyes heterophyes (Heterophyiasis) Cestoda (Tapeworm infection) Cyclophyllidea Echinococcus granulosus/Echinococcus multilocularis (Echinococcosis) · Taenia saginata (beef)/Taenia asiatica/Taenia solium (pork) (Taeniasis/Cysticercosis) · Hymenolepis nana/Hymenolepis diminuta (Hymenolepiasis) Pseudophyllidea Diphyllobothrium latum (Diphyllobothriasis) · Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (Sparganosis) · Diphyllobothrium mansonoides (Sparganosis) Roundworm/ nematode (Nematode infection) Secernentea Spirurida Camallanina Dracunculus medinensis (Dracunculiasis) Spirurina Filarioidea (Filariasis) Onchocerca volvulus (Onchocerciasis) · Loa loa (Loa loa filariasis) · Mansonella (Mansonelliasis) · Dirofilaria repens (Dirofilariasis) Wuchereria bancrofti · Brugia malayi · Brugia timori Thelazioidea Gnathostoma spinigerum/Gnathostoma hispidum (Gnathostomiasis) · Thelazia (Thelaziasis) Spiruroidea Gongylonema Strongylida (hookworm) Ancylostoma duodenale/Ancylostoma braziliense (Ancylostomiasis, Cutaneous larva migrans) · Necator americanus (Necatoriasis) · Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Angiostrongyliasis) · Metastrongylus (Metastrongylosis) Ascaridida Ascaris lumbricoides (Ascariasis) · Anisakis (Anisakiasis) · Toxocara canis/Toxocara cati (Visceral larva migrans/Toxocariasis) · Baylisascaris · Dioctophyme renale (Dioctophymosis) Rhabditida Strongyloides stercoralis (Strongyloidiasis) Oxyurida Enterobius vermicularis (Enterobiasis · Pinworm) Adenophorea Trichinella spiralis (Trichinosis) · Trichuris trichiura (Trichuriasis · Whipworm) · Capillaria philippinensis (Intestinal capillariasis) · Capillaria hepatica M: IFT helm,arth (acar) helm, arth (lice), zoon helm, arth

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

Dansk (Danish)
n. - børneorm

Nederlands (Dutch)
rond-/draadworm

Français (French)
n. - ver parasite

Deutsch (German)
n. - (zo.) Madenwurm

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - σκωληκοειδίτιδα

Italiano (Italian)
ossiuro

Português (Portuguese)
n. - oxiúro (m) (Med.)

Русский (Russian)
глист

Español (Spanish)
n. - lombriz intestinal

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - nematod (parasit), mask

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
蛲虫

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 蟯蟲

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 요충

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 蟯虫

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) الدودة الدبوسيه : دودة خيطيه صغيرة‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮תולעת טפילית‬

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