Piraeus

 

(pērāĕfs') or Piraeus (pīrē'əs) , city (1991 pop. 182,671), E central Greece, in Attica, on the Saronic Gulf; part of Greater Athens. It is the port of Athens and the chief port in Greece. A commercial center, Piraiévs has shipyards and industries that manufacture chemicals, textiles, and machinery. The construction of Piraiévs was planned by Themistocles and executed (c.450 B.C.) by the architect Hippodamus of Miletus. It quickly replaced Phaleron as the port of Athens. The famed Long Walls, two parallel walls about 600 ft (183 m) apart, connected Athens with Piraiévs and enabled Athens to receive supplies from its port during the Peloponnesian War. The port, itself strongly fortified, consisted of three harbors—one for grain vessels, one for merchant ships in general, and one for warships. In 404 B.C. the Spartans destroyed the Long Walls to the accompaniment of flute music, but Conon rebuilt them in 393 B.C. The arsenal (built 347–323 B.C.) and fortifications were destroyed by the Roman general Sulla in 86 B.C., and few traces of the Long Walls remain. The modern development of Piraiévs began only after Greece achieved independence in the 19th cent. The city was heavily bombed by Germany in World War II.

Piraeus  (Πειραιάς)
View of Piraeus Harbour
Location
Coordinates	37°57′N 23°38′E / 37.95, 23.633Coordinates: 37°57′N 23°38′E / 37.95, 23.633
Time zone:	EET/EEST ([[UTC+2]]/[[UTC+3|3]])
Elevation (min-max):	-  m (7 - 22 ft)
Government
Country:	Greece
Periphery:	Attica
Prefecture:	Piraeus
Mayor:	Panagiotis Fasoulas  (PASOK) (since: 2006)
Population statistics (as of 2001)
City Proper
- Population:
- Area:[4]	km² ( sq mi)
- Density:	/km² ( /sq mi)
Metropolitan
- Population:
- Area:	km² ( sq mi)
- Density:	/km² ( /sq mi)
Codes
Postal codes:	185 xx
Area codes:	210
Website
www.pireasnet.gr

Piraeus (Modern Greek: Greek: Πειραιάς Peiraiás, Ancient Greek / Katharevousa: Πειραιεύς Peiraieús) is a city in the periphery of Attica, Greece, located to the south of the center of Athens. It is the capital of the Piraeus Prefecture and belongs to the Athens urban area, being the second most populous municipality of the capital, following the Athens municipality. It was the port of the ancient city of Athens and was chosen to serve as the modern port when the city re-emerged in 1834. Piraeus is the largest port in Europe and the third largest in the world in terms of passenger transportation, servicing 19,000,000 passengers annually. It is also the terminus for Line 1 (the "green line"), the electric train service now incorporated into the Athens Metro.

The population of the dimos (municipality) of Piraeus (Δήμος Πειραιώς) is 175,697 (2001). The nomarchia (prefecture) of Piraeus, which includes the surrounding land and some of the islands of the Saronic Gulf, has a population of 541,504 (2001).

History

Ancient times

Piraeus has been inhabited since about 2600 BC.^[1] The name Piraeus roughly means the place over the passage. In very early antiquity Piraeus was a rocky island (the settlement of Munichia - the present Kastella) connected to the mainland by a low-lying stretch of land that was flooded with sea water most of the year and was used as a salt field whenever it dried up. Consequently it was called the "Halipedon" (salt field) and its muddy soil made it a tricky passage. The area was increasingly silted and flooding ceased, and by early classical times the land passage was made safe. It was then that Piraeus assumed its importance as a deep water harbor, and the older, shallow Phaleron harbor fell into gradual disuse.

Themistocles was the first to urge the Athenians to take advantage of these harbours, instead of using the sandy bay of Phaleron. Foreseeing a new attack by the Persians (after the Battle of Marathon), he built large fortification works and turned Piraeus into a military harbor in 493 BC. The shipyards that were created then, built the mighty Athenian fleet, which distinguished itself at the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC. In 460 BC the fortifications were completed by Cimon and Pericles when Piraeus was connected with Athens by the Long Walls. The original town of Piraeus was planned by the architect Hippodamus of Miletus in the famous grid system that he devised, probably in the time of Pericles. The main agora was named after him, as an honor.

During the Peloponnesian War, Piraeus was the major Athenian port. In 404 BC, Munichia was seized by Thrasybulus and the exiles from Phyle, and in the Battle of Munychia, the Phyleans defeated the Thirty Tyrants in Athens. The three chief arsenals of Piraeus were Munychia, Zea and Cantharus, which could contain 82, 196 and 94 ships respectively in the 4th century BC. Piraeus, as a port, would follow the fate of Athens. After the end of the Peloponnesian War, when Athens came under Spartan occupation, Piraeus was to bear the brunt of the victors' rage. These walls would be torn down, the triremes found in the harbor surrendered to the Spartans or were burned, while the renowned neosoikoi ("ships' houses") would be pulled down and indeed in an almost festive manner-with music, dancing and songs.

After the reinstatement of democracy, Konon rebuilt the walls in 393 BC, funded the temples of Aphrodite Euploia, the sanctuary of Zeus Sotiros and Athena, and built the famous Skevothiki of Philon, the ruins of which have been discovered at Zea. This revival of the town was quashed by the Roman Lucius Cornelius Sulla who captured Piraeus in 86 BC. The destruction was completed in 395 AD by the Goths under Alaric I. During the Byzantine period the harbor of Piraeus was used at various intervals, but it was very far from the capital, Constantinople.

Ottoman period

Further information: Ottoman Greece and Piraeus Lion

In 1456, Piraeus became known as the "Aslan Liman" of the Turks (the Lion's Port), taking its name from the marble lion standing at the point at which, later, the old Town Hall was built.^[2] The marble lion was removed and stolen in 1688, during Francesco Morozini's well-known expedition against Athens, and carried to the Arsenal of Venice, where it still stands today. A copy of the lion statue is on display at the Piraeus Archaeological Museum.

Throughout Turkish occupation, Piraeus was mostly deserted except for a small area of habitation around the St. Spyridonas Monastery. During that time there remained only a customs house and the monastery of St. Spyridonas.

Modern Greek state

With the creation of the modern Greek state and the proclamation of Athens as the capital in 1832, the port again acquired a reason for existence and growth, and developed into a great commercial and industrial centre; population began to return once more. A town plan for Piraeus was also drawn up and approved by King Othon.^[3] Following the establishment of the town, municipal elections were held to elect a new mayor for the city.

Piraeus quickly became the leading port and second largest city in Greece, and its prime geographical location and closeness to the Greek capital helped it continually to grow. The town flourished and neo-classical buildings were erected; one of them, which continues to ornament the present town, still stands as the Municipal Theater, an excellent example of the area's once wider neoclassical architecture. Piraeus is now the third largest municipality in Greece and the largest port in the country, while it has been absorbed into greater Athens.

Large parts of the Themistoclean Walls around the shoreline survive in very good condition to this day, and are incorporated in seaside promenades. Remnants of the neosoikoi, where the triremes were kept in wintertime, were also excavated, and valuable information about ancient shipbuilding and sailing was obtained by their study.

Geography

The area consists of a rocky promontory, containing three natural harbours : a large one on the north-west which functions as an important commercial harbour for the eastern Mediterranean Sea, and two smaller points, Zea and Mikrolimano. The port serves ferry routes to almost every island in the eastern portion of Greece, the island of Crete, the Cyclades, the Dodecanese, and much of the northern and the eastern Aegean Sea. The western part of the port is used for cargo services and covers a huge area, with much of that part of the harbour lying in suburban Drapetsona and Keratsini.

Greek Maritime Industry

Further information: Greek shipping

In addition to being the largest marine - based shipping centre of Greece, Piraeus is also the commercial hub of Greek shipping, with most of Greece's shipowners basing their commercial operations there, largely centred around the street Akti Miaouli. In its capacities as host to Greek shipping, Piraeus has been affected significantly by the various governments of Greece. Following World War II, the Greek government attempted to nationalize the proceeds of the insurance payments given to Greek shipowners who had lost vessels as a result of those vessels having been commandeered by the Allied Forces; the insurance had been provided by Lloyd's of London and guaranteed by the coalition of the allied forces. Although the Greek shipowners ultimately won their case against the Greek government in the British courts, most were uninterested in continuing to base their headquarters in Piraeus both out of distrust of the Greek government and the fact that the war had left the greater Athens area in a state of severe poverty. As a result, the Greek shipowners left Piraeus en masse in favor of operations in London, New York, Alexandria and other major shipping cities.

1967 Military junta

Further information: Regime of the Colonels

In 1967, when a group of colonels staged a coup d'état against the government, in order to increase desperately needed revenues, the junta offered lavish incentives for the Greek shipowners to bring their companies back to Piraeus. This including both tax incentives and other inducements, as evidenced by the fact that Aristotle Onassis was allowed to purchase the entire island of Skorpios, which otherwise would have been a violation of Greek coastline laws.

1974 democratic government

After the junta fell in 1974, the successive democratic government generally maintained the deregulation of Greek-based shipping, and many shipowners have maintained commercial operations there since. Today, however, as a result of traffic congestion plaguing the Athens area, and the fact that most shipowners reside in the lavish northern suburbs of Athens, many shipowners have opted once again to move their bases away from Piraeus to Northern Athens.

Shipping today

Piraeus, nevertheless, is still a major centre for Greek and international shipping, and bi-annually, it acts as the focus for a major shipping convention, known as Posidonia, which attracts maritime industry professionals from all over the world.

The following operators serve the Port:

• Minoan Lines
• ANEK Lines
• Blue Star Ferries
• GA Ferries
• NEL Lines
• LANE Lines
• Aegean Speed Lines

Population

Year	Municipal population	Change	Density
1981	196,389	-	17,853.55/km²
1991	182,671	-14,168/-7.25%	16,606.45/km²
2001	175,697	-6,974/-3.82%	15,972.45/km²

Piraeus is one of the various municipal authorities of the Athens metropolitan area, located at the south-western end of its reach. Six other municipal authorities comprise what is the urban district of Piraeus (areas that in the past were part of the municipal area of Piraeus but now are self-governed at the local level): Nikaia, Korydallos, Keratsini, Perama, Drapetsona and Rentis. The total population of the seven municipal regions is 466,065 (2001), a part of the total population of the Athens conurbation; which is 3,130,841 (2001).

Neighbourhoods

Kaminia

Kaminia is a widely known and beautiful neighborhood of Piraeus. Many of its residents are Olympiacos fans, because the Karaiskákis Stadium (Greek: Γήπεδο Γεώργιος Καραϊσκάκης) lies only a few blocks away. Kaminia residents also had to suffer the horror of Gate 7 (Thyra 7), which was the devastating trampling of Olympiacos fans.

Sister cities

• Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
• Ostrava, Czech republic
• Baltimore, Maryland, USA
• Galaţi, Romania since 1985
• Varna, Bulgaria

Famous residents

• Alexandros Pallis (1851 - 1935 in Liverpool)
• The Andrianopoulos brothers, founders of the Olympiacos sporting club
• Yiorgos Batis (1885 in Methana - March 10, 1967), a Greek musician
• Katina Paxinou (December 17, 1900 – February 22, 1973 in Athens)
• Dimitris Gkogkos (1903 - 1985), a Greek musician
• Christos Levantas (1904 - 1974)
• Markos Vamvakaris (1905 - February 8, 1972), a Greek musician
• Dimitris Papamichael (1931 - August 8, 2004)
• Yiannis Kyrastas (1952 - April 1, 2004)
• Pantelis Thalassinos (June 11, 1958)
• Theadora Cardaras (May, 1927)
• Alexandros Christoufis
• Eva Dimonta, writer
• Alexandra Drosiadou, writer
• Dimitrios Gavriilidis, writer
• Antonis Kanas, writer
• Giannis Kasavelis, writer
• Dimitris Kokoris, writer
• Varvara Konstantinopoulou, writer
• Anna Kontogiorgi, writer
• Spyros Koukoulomatis, writer
• Georgios Kountouris, writer
• Dionyssis Kouris, writer
• Ioannis Koutsis, writer
• Andreas Krystallis, writer
• Stamatis Lazarou, writer
• Giannis Lekkos, writer
• Theodoros Errikos Lekkos, writer
• Polychronis Lembesis, painter
• Vassilis Lembesopoulos, writer
• Nikos Lembesopoulos, writer
• Michalis Lembesopoulos, writer
• Epameinondas Liokis, writer
• Nikolaos Liokis, writer
• Kostas Margelis, writer
• Giorgos Mendrinos, writer
• Stylianos Miliadis, writer
• Kostas Mitsos, writer
• Filda Niamonitaki, writer
• Michalis Nikolakos, writer
• Michalis Oikonomou, writer
• Spyros Paliouras, writer
• Nikos Panagiotatos, writer
• Kostas Papadopoulos, writer
• Matthaios Papatheodorou, writer
• Nikolaos Pavlopoulos, writer
• Giannis Tsarouchis, painter
• Chara Vienna, writer
• Gerasimos Vokos, painter

Mayors of Piraeus

• Hydraian Kyriakos Serfiotis (1835-1841)^[1]
• Petros Skylitsis-Homiridis (1841-1845) and (1848-1854)
• Antonios Theoharis (1845-1848)
• Loukas Rallis (1855-1866)
• Demetrios Moutzopoulos (1866-1874)
• Tryfon Moutzopoulos (1874-1883) and (1895-1903)
• Aristides Skylitsis (1883-1887)
• Theadoros Retsinas (1887-1895)
• George Andrianopoulos (1987-1990)
• Stelios Logothetis (1991-1998)
• Christos Agrapidis (1999-2006)
• Panagiotis Fasoulas (2007- )

Universities and technological institutes

• University of Piraeus
• Technological Education Institute of Piraeus

Professional sports

• Olympiacos Football Club - Current champion (2007) plays at the Karaiskákis Stadium
• Ethnikos Piraeus - Second division Football Club
• Ionikos - Second division Football Club
• Olympiacos BC - plays at the Peace and Friendship Stadium

See also

• Communities of Attica
• Never on Sunday - Film about Piraeus
• Geography of Greece

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

External links

• City of Pireas
• Piraeus Port Authority
• The Marble Lion of Piraeus

	North: Nikaia ,Korydallos and Agia Varvara
West: Drapetsona, Keratsini,Perama	Piraeus	East: Agios Ioannis Rentis and Moschato
	South: Saronic Gulf, Phaleron Bay SE

Municipalities and Communities of the Piraeus Prefecture
Municipalities	Aegina • Agios Ioannis Rentis • Ampelakia • Drapetsona • Hydra • Keratsini • Korydallos • Kythira • Methana • Nikaia • Perama • Piraeus • Poros • Salamis • Spetses • Troizina
Communities	Agkistri • Antikythera

Prefectural Capitals of Greece

Agios Nikolaos • Alexandroupoli • Amfissa • Argostoli • Arta • Athens • Chalcis • Chania • Chios • Corfu • Corinth • Drama • Edessa • Eleusina • Ermoupoli • Florina • Grevena • Heraklion • Igoumenitsa • Ioannina • Kalamata • Karditsa • Karpenisi • Kastoria • Katerini • Kavala • Kilkis • Komotini • Kozani • Lamia • Larissa • Lefkada • Livadeia • Messolonghi • Mytilene • Nafplion • Pallini • Patras • Piraeus • Polygyros • Preveza • Pyrgos • Rethymno • Rhodes • Serres • Sparta • Thessaloniki • Trikala • Tripoli • Vathy • Veria • Volos • Xanthi • Zakynthos

bat-smg:Piriejos

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