Pleiotropy refers to a case where one gene may influence several
other characteristics. An example of pleiotropy is sickle cell
anemia, a disorder in which a single point mutation in the amino
acid sequence for hemoglobin results in a spectrum of effects. Red
blood cells produce abnormal hemoglobin molecules, which, because
of their odd shape, tend to stick together and crystallize.
Therefore, the normal disk shape of red blood cells changes to a
sickle shape (hence the name of the disorder). Sickle-shaped red
blood cells will clog small vessels, causing pain and the
possibility of brain damage and heart failure. Since some of the
hemoglobin in these cells is abnormal, there is less oxygen
available, leading to physical weakness and anemia. If left
untreated, the anemia can impair mental function.