pokeweed

Phytolacca
Phytolacca acinosa foliage and fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Core eudicots
Order:	Caryophyllales
Family:	Phytolaccaceae
Genus:	Phytolacca L.[1]
Species
About 35, see text.
Synonyms
Pircunia Bertero ex Ruschenb.[1]

Phytolacca is a genus of perennial plants native to North America, South America, East Asia and New Zealand. Some members of the genus are known as pokeweeds or similar names such as pokebush, pokeberry, pokeroot or poke sallet.^[2][3][4] Other names for species of Phytolacca include inkberry and ombú. The generic name is derived from the Greek word φυτόν (phyton), meaning "plant," and the Latin word lacca, a red dye.^[5] Phytolaccatoxin and phytolaccigenin are present in many species which are poisonous to mammals. However, the berries are eaten by birds, which are not affected by the toxin because the small seeds with very hard outer shells remain intact in the digestive system and are eliminated whole.^{[citation needed]}

The genus comprises about 25 species of perennial herbs, shrubs, and trees growing from 1 to 25 m (3.3 to 82 ft) tall. They have alternate simple leaves, pointed at the end, with entire or crinkled margins; the leaves can be either deciduous or evergreen. The stems are green, pink or red. The flowers are greenish-white to pink, produced in long racemes at the ends of the stems. They develop into globose berries 4–12 mm diameter, green at first, ripening dark purple to black.^[6][7][8]

Selected species

Although many species are herbaceous, P. dioica forms a substantial tree

The following species are accepted by one or more regional floras:^{[6][7][8][9][10][11]}

• Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. – Indian Poke. Southern and eastern Asia (syn. P. esculenta Van Houtte, P. latbenia (Moq.) Walter).
• Phytolacca americana L. – American Pokeweed. North America (syn. P. decandra L.)
• Phytolacca australis Phil. – Western South America
• Phytolacca bogotensis Kunth – Tropical and subtropical South America (sometimes included in P. icosandra^[10]).
• Phytolacca chilensis Miers – central Chile (possibly synonymous with P. icosandra^[10])
• Phytolacca dioica L. – Ombú. Subtropical South America.
• Phytolacca dodecandra L'Hér. – Eastern Africa, Madagascar (syn. P. abyssinica Hoffm.).
• Phytolacca heterotepala H.Walt. – Mexican Pokeweed. Mexico, SW USA (California).
• Phytolacca icosandra L. – Central and South America.
• Phytolacca japonica Makino – Eastern Asia (syn. P. hunanensis Hand.-Mazz., P. zhejiangensis W.T.Fan).
• Phytolacca octandra L. – Red Inkplant. Subtropical and tropical regions worldwide (sometimes included in P. icosandra^[9]).
• Phytolacca polyandra Batalin – Central and southwest China (syn. P. clavigera W.W.Smith).
• Phytolacca rivinoides Kunth & C.D.Bouché – Central and South America.
• Phytolacca sandwicensis Endl. – Hawaiian Pokeweed. Hawaii.
• Phytolacca thyrsiflora Fenzl ex J.A.Schmidt – Northern South America.
• Phytolacca weberbaueri H.Walt. – Yumbi. Peru.

Formerly placed here

• Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale (as P. asiatica L.)
• Terminalia catappa L. (as P. javanica Osbeck)^[9]

Ecology

This section requires expansion.

The Ombú Phytolacca dioica grows as a tree on the pampas of South America and is one of the few providers of shade on the open grassland. It is a symbol of Uruguay, Argentina and gaucho culture. P. weberbaueri from Peru also grows to tree size. Both species have massively buttressed bases to their trunks, and very soft wood with a high water storage capacity which makes them resistant to grass fires and drought.^[12]

Uses

Phytolacca americana (American pokeweed, pokeweed, poke) is used as a folk medicine and as food. For many decades, poke salad has been a staple of southern U.S. cuisine.^[13] All parts of it are toxic unless properly prepared.^[14] Toxic constituents which have been identified include the alkaloids phytolaccine and phytolaccotoxin, as well as a glycoprotein.^[15] Pokeweed berries yield a red ink or dye, which was once used by aboriginal Americans to decorate their horses.^{[citation needed]} Many letters written home during the American Civil War were written in pokeberry ink; the writing in these surviving letters appears brown.^{[citation needed]} The red juice has also been used to symbolize blood, as in the anti-slavery protest of Benjamin Lay.^{[citation needed]} A rich brown dye can be made by soaking fabrics in fermenting berries in a hollowed-out pumpkin.^{[citation needed]}

Some pokeweeds are also grown as ornamental plants, mainly for their attractive berries; a number of cultivars have been selected for larger fruit panicles.^{[citation needed]}

Pokeweeds are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Giant Leopard Moth.^{[citation needed]}

Notes and references

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Phytolacca

Wikispecies has information related to: Phytolacca

External links

• Purple Pokeberries hold secret to affordable solar power worldwide