Polish space

In mathematics, a Polish space is a separable completely metrizable topological space; that is, a space homeomorphic to a complete metric space that has a countable dense subset. Polish spaces are so named because they were first extensively studied by Polish topologists and logicians — Sierpiński, Kuratowski, Tarski and others. However, Polish spaces are primarily studied today because they are the primary setting for descriptive set theory, including the study of Borel equivalence relations.

Common examples of Polish spaces are the real line, the Cantor space, and Baire space. Additionally, some spaces that are not complete metric spaces in the usual metric may be Polish; e..g, the open interval (0, 1) is Polish.

Between any two uncountable Polish spaces, there is a Borel isomorphism; that is, a bijection that preserves the Borel structure. In particular, every uncountable Polish space has the cardinality of the continuum.

Lusin spaces, Suslin spaces, and Radon spaces are generalizations of Polish spaces.

Properties

1. (Alexandrov's theorem) If X is Polish then so is any G_δ subset of X.
2. (Cantor-Bendixson theorem) If X is Polish then any closed subset of X can be written as the disjoint union of a perfect subset and a countable subset.

The converse of Alexandrov's theorem is true as well: if a subspace S of a Polish space X is Polish, then it is a G_δ subset of X.

Characterization

There are numerous characterizations that tell when a second countable topological space is metrizable, such as Urysohn's metrization theorem. The problem of determining whether a metrizable space is completely metrizable is more difficult. Topological spaces such as the open unit interval (0,1) can be given both complete metrics and incomplete metrics generating their topology.

There is a characterization of complete separable metric spaces in terms of a game known as the strong Choquet game. A separable metric space is completely metrizable if and only if the second player has a winning strategy in this game.

A second characterization follows from Alexandrov's theorem. It states that a separable metric space is completely metrizable if and only if it is a G_δ subset of its completion in the original metric.

Polish metric spaces

Although Polish spaces are metrizable, they are not in and of themselves metric spaces; each Polish space admits many complete metrics giving rise to the same topology, but no one of these is singled out or distinguished. A Polish space with a distinguished complete metric is called a Polish metric space. An alternative approach, equivalent to the one given here, is first to define "Polish metric space" to mean "complete separable metric space", and then to define a "Polish space" as the topological space obtained from a Polish metric space by forgetting the metric.

Generalizations of Polish spaces

Lusin spaces

A Lusin space is a topological space such that some weaker topology makes it into a Polish space.

There are many ways to form Lusin spaces. In particular:

• Every Polish space is Lusin.
• A subspace of a Lusin space is Lusin if and only if it is a Borel set.
• Any countable union or intersection of Lusin subspaces of a Hausdorff space is Lusin.
• The product of a countable number of Lusin spaces is Lusin.
• The disjoint union of a countable number of Lusin spaces is Lusin.

Suslin spaces

A Suslin space is the image of a Polish space under a continuous mapping. So every Lusin space is Suslin. In a Polish space, a subset is a Suslin space if and only if it is a Suslin set (an image of the Suslin operation).

Radon spaces

A Radon space is a topological space such that every finite Borel measure is inner regular (so a Radon measure). Every Suslin space is Radon.

Polish groups

A Polish group is a topological group G regarded as a topological space which is itself a Polish space. A remarkable fact about Polish groups is that measurable homomorphisms between them are automatically continuous. (Pettis in B. J. Pettis, ‘On continuity and openness of homomorphisms in topological groups’, Ann. of Math. vol. 51 (1950) 293-308, MR 38358)

References

• Arveson, William (1981). An Invitation to C*-Algebras (Graduate Texts in Mathematics 39 ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-90176-0. 
• Bourbaki, Nicolas (1966). Elements of Mathematics: General Topology. Adison-Wesley. 
• Kechris, A. (1995). Classical Descriptive Set Theory (Graduate Texts in Mathematics 156 ed.). Springer. ISBN 0-387-94374-9 ISBN 3-540-94374-9. 
• Kuratowski, K. (1966). Topology Vol. I. Academic Press. ISBN 012429202X. 
• Moschovakis, Yiannis N. (1980). Descriptive Set Theory. North Holland. ISBN 0-444-70199-0.