Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was created in 1917.

The Politburo

The Politburo was the main parliament in Soviet Russia. The Politburo made decisions regarding everything from the economy to international relations. The communist party was the majority, so it controlled the Politburo [and thus the government] throughout the entirety of the Soviet regime. The Politburo began two years after the civil war and communist revolution, in 1922.

Neo-Communist Party of the Soviet Union was created in 1974.

No, the Soviet Union was run by a General Secretary, who held the highest position of power in the Communist Party. The General Secretary had significant influence over the government but was not directly elected by the people.