political action committee

A committee formed by business, labor, or other special-interest groups to raise money and make contributions to the campaigns of political candidates whom they support.

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Separate and segregated fund established by an organization for making political contributions. These funds were authorized by the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 and clarified through subsequent court decisions. PACs allow organizations to contribute money to federal elections, control the disbursement of funds, solicit contributions from an organization's shareholders and employees, and accept contributions from any lawful source. PACs have been extremely important in financing elections.

Political action committees, or PACs, are organizations in the United States that obtain contributions from individuals and distribute donations to candidates for political office. PACs may contribute no more than $5,000 per candidate per election, but may contribute larger sums for so-called party-building activities. The rapid growth in the number of PACs, the amounts of money involved, and the danger of their supplanting parties have been the subject of concern.

— David Mervin

For more information on political action committee, visit Britannica.com.

Political Action Committees, (PACs), groups that collect contributions from their members or politically like-minded citizens, represent a single interest group, and use their funds to influence the legislative and executive branches of government. PACs attempt to gain support for their interests by contributing to political campaigns, hoping their favors will be returned once candidates reach office. Because federal-level political campaigns cost so much during the late twentieth century, candidates who eschewed PAC money could not compete with those who accepted PAC donations, unless they were independently wealthy.

The origin of PACs can be traced to the American labor movement and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). The first PAC was formed during World War II, after Congress prohibited the assets of organized labor from being used for political purposes. The CIO created a separate political fund in 1943 to receive and spend voluntary contributions, calling it the Political Action Committee. A PAC called the Committee on Political Education (COPE) was formed in 1955 after the CIO merged with the American Federation of Labor. Other PACs, such as the American Medical Political Action Committee (AMPAC) and the Business-Industry Political Action Committee (BIPAC), were formed during the 1950s and 1960s, but it was not until the reform legislation of the 1970s that the number of PACs began to increase significantly.

Although labor unions formed PACs during the 1940s, corporations were not allowed to support candidates until the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) of 1971, which allowed corporations to use their money to set up PACs. FECA was amended in 1974 and 1976, giving trade associations and corporations a new role in politics. As a result, FECA changed its guidelines for raising political money, sparking a tremendous growth in the number of PACs and the amount of money spent to influence the political system. Even though revisions in FECA set limits on the amount of money PACs could contribute to individual candidates and political campaigns ($5,000) and set a $1,000 limit on individual contributions per candidate per election, PACs were able to get around these limitations and still influence the political system.

Observers argued for reform of the election process, insisting that PAC money should be eliminated or at least severely limited. Even when there were legal limits, individuals and groups circumvented them by giving so-called soft money to political parties instead of directly to candidates. Officially, soft money was to be used for maintaining the parties themselves, but parties managed to pass on some of the cash to candidates. Gifts of soft money tended to obligate party managers to PACs and their political goals. The existence of PACs after the 1970s ran up the tab on elections to such an extent that congressional elections routinely involved millions of dollars in campaign expenditures. By 1988 the number of PACs had increased to approximately 4,200, with $132 million in contributions, primarily to incumbents. This increase raised public criticism of PACs and led to congressional proposals to eliminate them in 1991 and 1992, but no significant action was taken.

During 1997 and 1998 some 4,600 PACs raised approximately $503 million and spent about $471 million, contributing $220 million to federal candidates, some of whom would run for election in future years. As in the past, incumbents received most of the PAC money, with Republican candidates receiving slightly more than Democratic candidates. PACs spent money to support favored candidates, but they also spent a lesser amount toward the defeat of candidates they opposed.

Bibliography

Bennett, W. Lance. The Governing Crisis: Media, Money, and Marketing in American Elections. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992.

Sorauf, Frank J. Money in American Elections. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman/Little, Brown College Division, 1988.

Stirton, Ian. "FEC Releases Information on PAC Activity for 1997–98." Federal Election Commission, U.S. Government. Available from http://www.fec.gov/press/pacye98.htm.

Wertheimer, Fred, and Susan Weiss Manes. "Campaign Finance Reform: A Key to Restoring the Health of Our Democracy." Columbia Law Review 94, no. 4 (May 1994): 1126–1159.

Committees formed by interest groups to funnel donations to political candidates who are likely to support their position on various issues. Because of current campaign laws, PACs are allowed to make much larger donations than can individuals.

It has been suggested that Leadership PAC be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

This article is part of the Lobbying in the United States series.

Political action committee

527 group

Campaign finance

Campaign finance reform

Major industry lobbies

Agribusiness

Health

Organized labor

Software

Transportation

Major single-issue lobbies

Pro-life / pro-choice (abortion)

Environment

Federal leadership

Foreign and defense policy

Gun rights / gun control

Israel

In the US, a political action committee, or PAC, is the name commonly given to a private group, regardless of size, organized to elect or defeat government officials or to promote legislation. Legally, what constitutes a "PAC" for purposes of regulation is a matter of state and federal law. Under the Federal Election Campaign Act, an organization becomes a "political committee" by receiving contributions or making expenditures in excess of $1,000 for the purpose of influencing a federal election.

• See also List of political action committees.

Contributions by individuals to federal PACs are limited to $5000. Corporations and unions may not contribute to federal PACs, though they may pay for the administrative costs of a PAC affiliated with the specific corporation or union. Corporate and union affiliated PACs may only solicit contributions from executives, shareholders and their families (in the case of corporations) or members (in the case of unions). "Independent" PACs not affiliated with a corporation or union may solicit contributions from the general public but must pay their operating costs from these regulated contributions.

Federal Multi-candidate PACs are limited in the amount of money they can contribute to other organizations:

• at most $5,000 per candidate per election. Elections such as primaries, general elections and special elections are counted separately.
• at most $15,000 per political party per year.
• at most $5,000 per PAC per year.

Under federal law, PACs are not limited in their ability to spend money independently of a candidate campaign.

Categorization of PACs

Political Money Line

PoliticalMoneyLine uses the following categories for PACs (The latest totals are available here):

• Agriculture
• Business - Retail, Services
• Communication, Technology
• City/County
• Defense
• Energy, Natural Resources
• Finance, Insurance
• Foreign Countries
• Health Care
• Organized Labor
• Law
• Manufacturing
• Public Employees
• Real Estate/Construction
• Transportation
• Miscellaneous
• Undetermined

2004 Presidential election

In the 2004 elections, the top 10 PACs by money spent by themselves, their affiliates and subsidiaries were as follows:

1. EMILY's List $22,767,521
2. Service Employees International Union $12,899,352
3. American Federation of Teachers $12,789,296
4. American Medical Association $11,901,542
5. National Rifle Association $11,173,358
6. Teamsters Union $11,128,729
7. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers $10,819,724
8. National Education Association $10,521,538
9. American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees $9,882,022
10. Laborers' International Union of North America $9,523,837

See also

• Politics of the United States
• Lobbying in the United States
• Soft money
• 527 group

External links

• PoliticalMoneyLine
• Campaign Guide for Corporations and Labor Organizations
• Campaign Guide for Nonconnected Committees
• Money in Politics Data

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