Certain bacteria that cause pneumonia, notably Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, exist as both an encapsulated and unencapsulated form. The encapsulated form of these bacteria are protected by a polysaccharide (short chain carbohydrate) capsule, which shields the bacteria from the host's immunilogical response, and confers virulence, or the ability to cause disease, to the encapsulated strains of these bacteria.