There are many things that fall into this category. If you are
looking for an example, the Energy Amplifier, also called an
Accelerator Driven System, is a good on. The inventor won a Nobel
Prize, the design has been successfully tested, and a lot of
information on the system is available, but the actual plant has
not been built.
In the same industry, you might look at the polywell, which
reputedly is capable of cold fusion and has been successfully built
and tested, but the test has not yet been confirmed.
There are a lot of pharmaceuticals that are in the testing
process, and these can be found by doing a little research. They
often appear in the news.
You might look at http://www.polymodular.com for a type of
building module that has never been put into production.